1. Chapter 1 The Study of Body Function

2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Human Physiology Study of how the human body functions. Pathophysiology: How physiological processes are altered in disease or injury.

3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Scientific Method Confidence in rational ability, honesty and humility. Formulate hypothesis. Testing the hypothesis. Analyze results. Draw conclusion.

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Homeostasis Maintaining constancy of internal environment. Dynamic consistency. Maintained by negative feedback loops.

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Feedback Loops Sensor: Detects deviation from set point. Integrating center: Determines the response. Effector: Produces the response.

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8. Negative Feedback Defending the set point. Reverse the deviation. Produces change in opposite direction.

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hormone insulin restores plasma [glucose].

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11. Positive Feedback Action of effectors amplifies the change. Is in same direction as change. Examples: Oxytocin (parturition) Voltage gated Na + channels (depolarization)

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Primary Tissues 4 Different Primary Tissues: Muscle Nervous Epithelial Connective

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Muscle Tissue Specialized for contraction. 3 Types of Muscle Tissue: Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skeletal Muscle Voluntary muscle. Striated. Attach to bones at both ends (tendons). Arranged in parallel. Grade contraction.

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cardiac Muscle Striated. Found only in the heart. Interconnected. Intercalated discs. Syncytium.

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Smooth Muscle Not striated. Gap junctions. Calmodulin. Peristalsis. Syncytium.

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nervous Tissue Neurons (nerve cells): Specialized for conduction of action potentials. Supporting cells: Provide anatomical and functional support.

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neuron Dendrites: Receive input. Cell body: Nucleus. Metabolic center. Axon: Conducts nerve impulses.

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epithelial Tissue Types of Epithelial Tissue: Cells that form membranes: Squamous Columnar Cuboidal Exocrine glands Endocrine glands

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Squamous Cells Flattened in shape. Adapted for diffusion and filtration. Line all blood vessels.

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cuboidal Cells Cube-shaped cells. Excretion, secretion and absorption. Line kidney tubules, salivary ducts, and pancreatic ducts.

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Columnar Cells Taller column shaped cells. Excretion, secretion and absorption. May contain cilia. Line digestive tract and respiratory passageways.

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Exocrine Glands Derived from cells of epithelial membranes. Secretions are released through ducts. Simple tubes or modified as acini. Examples: Tear glands Sweat glands Prostate glands

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endocrine Glands Lack ducts. Secrete hormones into capillaries within the body. May be discrete organs: Primary functions are the production and secretion of hormones.

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Connective Tissue Large amounts of extracellular (ECF) material in the spaces between connective tissue cells. 4 Types of Connective Tissue: Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone Blood

26. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Connective Tissue Proper Loose connective tissue: Scattered collagen and tissue fluid. Dermis of skin Dense fibrous connective tissue: Regular arranged. Collagen oriented in same direction. Tendons Irregularly arranged. Resists forces applied in many directions. Capsules and sheaths

27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cartilage Chondrocytes. Supportive and protective tissue. Elastic properties to tissues. Precursor to many bones. Articular surfaces on joints.

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bone Hydroxyapatite crystals Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells Osteocytes: Trapped osteoblasts: less active Osteoclasts: Bone resorbing cells

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Blood Classified as connective tissue. Half its volume is plasma.

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Organs Organs: Composed of at least two primary tissues. Serve different functions of the organ.

31. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Systems Organs that are located in different regions of the body and perform related functions. Examples: Skeletal system Cardiovascular system GI system

32. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Body-Fluid Compartments 65-75% of total body weight H 2 0. Intracellular compartment: Fluid inside the cell. 2/3 of H 2 0 Extracellular compartment: 1/3 H 2 0 2 Subdivisions: Blood plasma Interstitial fluid