1. DNA sequencing What, When, Why? How? Who and Where? DNA detective
ATGTTCTATCCCATTCATTTTGACGTTATTGTTGTTGGAGGAGGTCATGCTGGGACAGAAGCAGCTTTGGCTTCTGCTAGGATGCAATGTAATACGCTTTTGATTACTCATAATATTGATACTCTTGGACAGATGTCTTGTAATCCGGCCGTTGGTGGCATAGGGAAAGGACATTTAGTGAAAGAAATTGATGCGATGGGTGGATCGATGGCTTATGCTATCGATCAATCAGGAATTCAATTTAGAGTACTTAATAGTAGCAAAGGAGCTGCTGTTAGAGCAACACGTGCTCAGGCAGATAAAATATTATATCGTCAAGCAATACGTAGTATTCTTGAATATCAAAAATTTTTGTTGGTTATTCAAGCGTCAGTAGAAGATTTAATAGTTAGTGGGAACAAGATTGTTGGAGTAATTACTCCAAAATTAGGAATGAAATTTAGTGGTACGTCTGTTGTGTTGACAACCGGAACCTTTCTCAATGGTAAGATTCATATTGGGATGAATAATTTTAGAGGAGGTCGATCTGGAGATTCGGAGTCATCGTCATTGTTATCAGAGCGATTGAAAGAATTGTCTTTTCAGATTAGTCGGTTAAAAACGGGTACTTCTCCTCGTGTGCATACCAAAGGGATAAATTTTGGTTCTTTACGTGCACAATATAGTGATGATCCCATTCCTGTGTTTTCATTTATAGGATCTACAAAACTACATCCTACGCAGGTGCCTTGTTATATTACCCATACTAATAACAAAACACATGAAATAGTTAGATCAAATTTATATCAGAGTCCTATGTATACAGGTTTAATAAAAGGAATAGCACCTCGGTATTGTCCATCTATAGAAGACAAAATAACTCGTTTTTCAGATCGTAATGCTCATCAAATTTTTTTAGAACCTGAAGGTTTGACAACACCTGAAGTATATCTTAATGGTATTTCTACTAGCTTACCTTTTTGTGTACAAATGCAAATGATTAAATCAATTCAGGGATTAGAGAATGCTTGTATAATTAGGCCAGGTTATGCTATTGAATACGATTTTTTTGATCCTCGTGATTTAAAATTAACATTAGAGAGTAAAATTATTTCTGGATTATTTTTTTCTGGTCAAATTAATGGTACTACTGGTTATGAAGAAGCAGCTGCCCAAGGATTATTGGCCGGAATTAATGCAGCTAGGTTTTCCAAAAATAAAGAAGGATGGTACCCTAGAAGAGATCAGGCATATTTAGGGGTGCTTGTAGATGATCTCTGTACACATGGAACAGAAGAACCTTATCGTATGTTTACTTCGCGTGCTGAATATCGTCTGTCTTTACGTGAGGATAATGCTGATTTAAGATTAACTGAAATCGCGCGACAGTTAGGTTTGATAGATGAGTCACGGTGGAAAGCTTTTTGTTGCAAAAAAGAAAACATTGAAAAAGAACGTCAGAGATTACGTAATACTTATATTTTCCCGTATAGCTCAGATGTTGCACAATTAAATAATTTTCTTAAAACACCTTTAACACATGAAACAAATGGCGAAGATCTTTTGAGAAGGCCAGAAATTAATTATAAAAAGTTATCTCAACTAAGTACTTTTAGTCCATCTATATTGGATCGTCAAGTATTCGAGCAAATTGAAATTCAAATAAAATATGAAGGTTATATTCGTCATCAACAAGAAGAAATAAAGAGACATATTTATAATGAAAATACATTGTTACCGACTGATATAGATTTCAATATTGTTTCTGGATTATCTCAGGAGGTCATTGACAAACTCAATAATTATAAACCTTATTCTATTGGGCAGGCTTCTCGCATTTCTGGTATCACTCCTGCGGCTATTTCTAATTTATTGGTTTGGTTAAAAAAACAAGGTTTGTTAGAGCATAATACATGCTAATCTGTTGAATAATGTATTTTCTATTAATCAAGGTATTATTTAATTTCCTATATAGGGTGTTTGTGATTGTTACAATATGGAGAGAGTTGATCGTGTAGAAAACCGGTATATTTATGTCTTTTCCAATAATAATTTTATAGAAATAATAATAGTAATTAGATTATTATTTTAATGGGTTTGTTATGTATGGCATTATTTTTAATATTATACGGTTGTTTATACGTATCTAAATTTGCGCTTTGAATTTTTTTGAAAATAGGATTATACTGAACTTTTAGTTGTATACAAGTGTATTATTTCATATTTTTGAATAAATATACGTGCTGTACTAATGGTTATTAATTACAAGATAAATTACTTGTCGACCGAACTATAGTTCGGTCGTGTGTTTGTTTCTGTAAGTTGTAACATATTATGTGAAATTTACTAATTAATTCATAGTGTCATTTTAATTCTCTTTTATTGCATTAGTATATGGTTGTGTAAAAAGAGAGAGAGTGTTCTTGTTATTTTCTATTAGTACTAATTTTTTAAAAGTTGATGCAGGCACTGTCGTTCTTTTCGGATACAACATCATTGTAAGTTATATATAAAAATGATTTAGAATTTCGACATGTTAGTGACAAGTTGTATATCGAGGTTGTAATGTTGTATTATACAAGAACATTGTAAAATATTTATAGTATATTGCAGCCAATATTTTTTGAAAGGTGGTTTATGTCAGGAATCAAAGGCACTTCCCAAGAATATATTGGACATCATTTATATCATCTGCAATTTGATTTAAGTACTTTTTCGTTAGTGAGCTCGGAGAATACTTCTTCATTCTGGGTATTAAATGTAGATTCGATGTTTTTTTCAATATTATTGGCTACTTTATTTTTATTAATTTTCGGTCGTTTGGCTACAGTGGCAACTTATGCGGTTCCCACAAAACTGCAAGTGTTTATTGAGTTAGTAATATTGTTTATTGATAGCAATGTAAAAGATATGTTTCATGGTAAAAATAAACTAATTGCGCCATTATCTATGACGGTTTTTGTTTGGATTTTTTTAATGAATACCATGGATTTATTTCCCATAGATTTATTTCCTGCTATAGCTAAATTGTTAGGATTACCTGCTTTACGTGTTGTGCCGTCTGCCGATGTGAATATCACTTCTTCGCTAGCTTTAAATGTATTTGTACTTGTTATGTACTACAATATTTACGTTAATGGCGTTCATGGTTTTATTAAAGGACTGATGTATCATCCATTTAATCATCCAACATGTATTCCTATTAATTTTATTATTGAAGTTGTTAGTTTGTTATCTAAACCAGTATCACTTAGTCTTAGATTATTTGGCAATATGTATTCTGGTGAGTTGATTTTTATTTTGATATCTGGTTTATTACCATGGTGGGGACAATGGGTTTTAAATTTACCATGGGCTATTTTTCATATTTTAGTCGTTACATTACAGGCTTTTATTTTTATGGTTTTAACGGTGATTTATTTATCTACAGCCCATGACTCCTGTTAAAATGAATCATGTAATACAGAAGATTGCAGAGAGGTTATTATGGAACATTTAAATTTTGATATGTTATATATTGCTGCAGCAATAATGATGGGATTAGCAGCAATTGGAGCGGCTATCGGTATTGGCATCTTAGGTAGTAAATTTTTAGAGGGGGCTGCACGTCAACCAGATCTCATTCCGATCCTTCGAACTCAGTTTTTTATTGTTATGGGATTGGTTGATGCAATACCAATGATTACTGTAGGTCTTGGTTTGTATGTGATGTTTTCTGCGGTTTAACAATGAAAATTAATTGCATGTATTTATTATATTGATTATTAAATATCAGGATTTGCGCTGTGAATCTTAATGCAACAATATTAGGTCAAACTATTTCATTTGTTTTGTTTGTTTGGTTTTGTATGAAGTATGTGTGGTATCCATTTATATCTATTATTGAGAAACGCCAAAAAGAAATTTCTGATAATTTAGTTTCTGCTACTCATGCCAAAACAGAATCTGAGCGTGTCAATGCTGAAGCTTTGCTTTGTTTGAGACAGGCTCGGGTCAAAGCTCAAGAAATTATAAAACAAGCAAATAAATGTAAAATGCAAATAATTAATGAAGCTAAACATGAAGCTGAAAAGGAGCAAAGTAGAATTTTATCTCAAGCGCGAGAACAGATTATTTATGAAAGAAAACGTGTTACTGACGAATTAAGAAAGCAAATTAGCGAACTTGTAATTGAGGGTACAGAGAAAGTTATAGAACATTCTATAAATGAAATGATTGATATAGATCTTTTAAATAATATTATTAATACGTTGTCATATAAGGATTAGATGTCTAGTATGCTTGTGGTTGCGCGTACGTATGCTCAAGCTATATTTGATATAGCTGTAGAACAGAAAAATATAAACAAGTGGAAATCAGTTCTTGATTTATTTTCTGAGATTAGTCTAAATAGACTAGTACAATCTTTATTTTTTAGATGTTTAGAACCAAAAAGATTGTCAGATATATTTATTGCTATTTGTGAAGATTACCAAAAGAAACAAGTTGATACCTTCAGTAAAAATATAATCTATATTATGGCGGAAAATAATCGTTTATTATTATTACCAATTGTATTTAAAGAGTTTACTTATTTATGTTCTATATATGTTCATACTGTAGAAATAGAAATTATCTCTGCTTGGCCTTTGAAGTATAATCAGCTGAAAAAAATTACTGATATAATGGCTAAACGTTTATCTAAAACAGTGAATCCAGTACACAAAGTAGATAAAGATATATTGGCTGGTGTAATTATTCGTATTGGAGATACTGTGATTGATGGAAGTATACGTGGACGTATTTTTCGCTTAAATCACGTACTACAATCTTAATATTTTAACAGTAGTTAAAAGGTATAAACAAAAGATTATGCAATTAAATTCAAATGAAATTTCAGATAATGGAGAAGTTATTATTAATGATTTAAAGTTATTTTATAATAAAGCTAGACAAACTAAAATTACAGAAGAACTTACAGAAATTGTTTCAGGAGCTTCTGTAATATAAACTTAAAAGATAGTTAGAGGTATAATTAATATGAGTTCTGGAAAAATTGTCCAGGTTATTGGAGCGGTGGTTGATGTTGCGTTCAATCAAGATGTGGTACCGACTGTATACCATGCACTTGAGGTGTAATACTTATATTTTCCCGTATAGCTCAGATGTTGCACAATTAAATAATTTTCTTAAAACACCTTTAACACATGAAACAAATGGCGAAGATCTTTTGAGAAGGCCAGAAATTAATTATAAAAAGTTATCTCAACTAAGTACTTTTAGTCCATCTATATTGGATCGTCAAGTATTCGAGCAAATTGAAATTCAAATAAAATATGAAGGTTATATTCGTCATCAACAAGAAGAAATAAAGAGACATATTTATAATGAAAATACATTGTTACCGACTGATATAGATTTCAATATTGTTTCTGGATTATCTCAGGAGGTCATTGACAAACTCAATAATTATAAACCTTATTCTATTGGGCAGGCTTCTCGCATTTCTGGTATCACTCCTGCGGCTATTTCTAATTTATTGGTTTGGTTAAAAAAACAAGGTTTGTTAGAGCATAATACATGCTAATCTGTTGAATAATGTATTTTCTATTAATCAAGGTATTATTTAATTTCCTATATAGGGTGTTTGTGATTGTTACAATATGGAGAGAGTTGATCGTGTAGAAAACCGGTATATTTATGTCTTTTCCAATAATAATTTTATAGAAATAATAATAGTAATTAGATTATTATTTTAATGGGTTTGTTATGTATGGCATTATTTTTAATATTATACGGTTGTTTATACGTATCTAAATTTGCGCTTTGAATTTTTTTGAAAATAGGATTATACTGAACTTTTAGTTGTATACAAGTGTATTATTTCATATTTTTGAATAAATATACGTGCTGTACTAATGGTTATTAATTACAAGATAAATTACTTGTCGACCGAACTATAGTTCGGTCGTGTGTTTGTTTCTGTAAGTTGTAACATATTATGTGAAATTTACTAATTAATTCATAGTGTCATTTTAATTCTCTTTTATTGCATTAGTATATGGTTGTGTAAAAAGAGAGAGAGTGTTCTTGTTATTTTCTATTAGTACTAATTTTTTAAAAGTTGATGCAGGCACTGTCGTTCTTTTCGGATACAACATCATTGTAAGTTATATATAAAAATGATTTAGAATTTCGACATGTTAGTGACAAGTTGTATATCGAGGTTGTAATGTTGTATTATACAAGAACATTGTAAAATATTTATAGTATATTGCAGCCAATATTTTTTGAAAGGTGGGTGGATCGATGGCTTATGCTATCGATCAATCAGGAATTCAATTTAGAGTACTTAATAGTAGCAAAGGAGCTGCTGTTAGAGCAACACGTGCTCAGGCAGATAAAATATTATATCGTCAAGCAATACGTAGTATTCTTGAATATCAAAAATTTTTGTTGGTTATTCAAGCGTCAGTAGAAGATTTAATAGTTAGTGGGAACAAGATTGTTGGAGTAATTACTCCAAAATTAGGAATGAAATTTAGTGGTACGTCTGTTGTGTTGACAACCGGAACCTTTCTCAATGGTAAGATTCATATTGGGATGAATAATTTTAGAGGAGGTCGATCTGGAGATTCGGAGTCATCGTCATTGTTATCAGAGCGATTGAAAGAATTGTCTTTTCAGATTAGTCGGTTAAAAACGGGTACTTCTCCTCGTGTGCATACCAAAGGGATAAATTTTGGTTCTTTACGTGCACAATATAGTGATGATCCCATTCCTGTGTTTTCATTTATAGGATCTACAAAACTACATCCTACGCAGGTGCCT
DNA sequencing
What, When, Why?
How?
Who and Where?
DNA detective

2. Insect identification
PCR
DNA extraction
Insect identification ?
ACAGATGTCTTGTAATCCGGCCGTTGGTGGCATAGGGAAAGGACATTTAG
Bioinformatics
DNA sequencing
Gel electrophoresis
ACAGATGTCTTGTAATCCGGCCGTTGGTGGCATAGGGAAAGGACATTTAGTGAAAGAAATTGATGCGATGGGTGGATCGATGGCTTATGCTATCGATCAATCAGGAATTCAATTTAGAGTACTTAATAGTAGCAAAGGAGCTGCTGTTAGAGCAACACGTGCTCAGGCAGATAAAATATTATATCGTCAAGCAATACGTAGTATTCTTGAATATCAAAAATTTTTGTTGGTTATTCA

3. WHEN and WHY would we want to obtain this detailed information?
WHAT types of biological insights can DNA sequence data can provide?
WHEN and WHY would we want to obtain this detailed information?
HOW is DNA sequencing actually performed?
WHO conducts DNA sequencing, and WHERE?

4. The elegant idea behind DNA sequencing
Technology changes quickly, but for many years we’ve on Sanger’s cool trick.
In the 1970’s, Sanger’s group discovered a fundamentally new method of 'reading' the linear DNA sequence using special bases called chain terminators. This method is still in use today.
What is the basis of Sanger’s method?
Fred Sanger
Shared with Walter Gilbert and Paul Berg

5. Fascinating. Now how do we actually sequence ??

6. Step 1: Purify template (the DNA to be sequenced)
DNA Sequencing:
Step 1: Purify template (the DNA to be sequenced)
On to sequencing….
clean PCR product
+ water
PCR clean-up
Amplified DNA
+ used Taq
+ extra primer and dNTPs
+ salts from PCR buffer, etc….

7. Step 2: Set up cycle sequencing reaction
DNA PRIMER
DIDEOXYNUCLEOTIDES
NUCLEOTIDES
TEMPLATE DNA (e.g., YOUR PCR PRODUCT)

8. Today, nearly all sequencing is Fluorescence-based, and uses chain terminators that are labeled with different dyes.
The dyes are “spectrally distinct,” and each has a different emission wavelength.

9. Step 3: Perform cycle sequencing in PCR machine
denaturation
Primer annealing
Product
extension
Reaction steps seems a lot like PCR, but not quite…

10. Go to:
Cycle Sequencing
>> Cycle sequencing

11. In sum: From PCR to sequence data
1. Purify PCR product
2. Set up sequencing reaction
3. Perform cycle sequencing
5. Read order of terminators (DNA sequence)
4. Resolve sequence fragments

12. Quality of sequence data may vary, depending on:
Purity and concentration of template DNA
Presence of extra PCR bands (artifacts)
Quality of dye-terminators, electrophoresis matrix, and other reagents
Ideally, look at chromatograms and convince yourself that base calls are robust.

13. DNA sequence assembly: Combining sequence reads to build the entire sequence of the template DNA
PCR PRODUCT of 1,200 bp
Sequence read #1
Sequence read #2
Sequence read #3
Sequence “reads” typically range from bp. Often the total DNA fragment is much longer.
Regions of overlap among sequence reads:
Let us piece together the linear “puzzle” of the template DNA sequence.
Often confirm base calls and improve overall add data quality.