1. History of Physical Education and Sport

2. Introduction: Cultural Components of Civilization Like today, ancient societies valued Athletic ability Physical fitness Competition Play

3. Introduction: Sport and Adaptation Hunt for food as individuals and team Best hunter was honored and participated in playful activities Desire to survive, compete for honor, and win is part of culture and is expressed through games and sports

4. Introduction: Sport and Warfare Warfare was routine in ancient times Formed armies, physical training programs, and warriors Required for military combat training: endurance running, wrestling, and swimming Combat sports emerged which are still popular today martial arts, boxing, wrestling, spear throwing (javelin), and archery

5. Sumer—4000 B.C. World's first known civilization Located in Mesopotamia, a region lying in present-day Iraq “cradle of civilization” Sumerian civilization flourished more than 5,000 years ago

6. Sumeria and Sport Lion hunting a popular sport: warriors and aristocrats displayed courage, athletic ability Most famous Sumerian king was Gilgamesh, who ruled during 27th century B.C. Honored as being excellent hunter and warrior

7. Sumer Economic and political system were highly developed Trade, travel, entertainment, and warfare were routine activities Warriors engaged in activities that developed their athletic ability and necessitated development of physical fitness

8. Ancient Egypt (3000 B.C.) Prominent part of the history of civilization Array of historical artifacts Rich history Moses led Israelites out after 900 years of Egyptian civilization Ruled by pharaohs

9. Egypt: Tomb Relief

10. Early Dynastic Period (3000 - 1500 B.C.) Artifacts show evidence of widespread sports and games Combat sports like boxing and wrestling Combat sports existed because of the constant threat of war Archery, running, and swimming insured one's survival in war Competitions were held in these sports Fishing, boating, board games also popular

11. Sport in Egypt Sports were a means by which famous Egyptian monarchs represented themselves to their people. Egyptian monarchs exhibited physical strength, courage and the ability to engage in various athletic activities. Egypt’s queens were also portrayed as “sports fans.”

12. Sport in Egypt Egyptians and war Superb warriors Physical training for soldiers was harsh and physically demanding Bow and arrow, foot speed were primary weapons Archery and combat sports played a vital role in preparation for war

13. Sport/Recreation in Egypt Hunting very popular Music, singing, and dancing Wrestling, games of chance, and ball games Rock tombs in Egypt: murals Track & field, swimming, wrestling, dancing, gymnastics, hockey and yoga-type exercises Significant influence on Greek and Roman medicine, science, and sports

14. China Cultural history of China began about 1500 B.C. In over 2,400 years, 10 dynasties ruled China Archaeological evidence reveals that organized sports and games existed in China B.C.

15. Chinese Culture (1500 B.C.-900 A.D.) Feudal political system Military training necessary for warlords and emperors Trained knights to battle on chariots Chariots were manned with a driver, spearman, and an archer

16. Chinese Culture Military training (cont.) Infantrymen and peasants followed the chariots Depended on their athletic skill and physical fitness Played a form of football for military training

17. Chinese Culture

18. China: Sport & Recreation As in Sumer and Egypt, Chinese nobility lived luxuriously Enjoyed sports and recreation Played cards, chess, and board and table games Hunting was popular with both nobility as a sport and peasants as a means of securing food

19. China: Popular Sports Boxing, 527 A.D. Complex system of 170 movements by 1070 A.D. Martial arts evolved from Chinese philosophy and need for warriors Initially a system of military training

20. China: Popular Sports Martial Arts Began to develop and reflect elements of Chinese philosophy Yin and yang: positive & negative forces in the universe Later incorporated jingluoxue science of attending to the main and collateral channels found in the body

21. Mesoamerica Geographical region northern Mexico southward to Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador Ball games were popular in antiquity, just as they are today Ulama: ball game beginning in 1800 B.C., continued by Mayans & Aztecs Religious, cultural, competitive elements

22. Mesoamerica Ulama: ball courts discovered dating from 1500 B.C. Tchlactli: magnificent ballcourts Games had strong religious overtones Human sacrifice: a common component (losing and/or winning teams might be sacrificed, to give gods the “best”) Served ritualistic purposes Fertility, harvest, appease the gods

23. Mesoamerica Ball court characteristics Oblong shape, similar to letter “ I ” Thick, high ornamental walls Stone ring (tlachtemalacatl) in middle of side wall served as goal Ball court at Chichen Itza is the largest discovered; reliefs show players and ritual sacrifice

24. Ball Court at Chichen Itza

25. Mesoamerica Use of hard rubber ball necessitated protective equipment for players Gloves, arm guards, knee pads, chest protector Fast-paced, athletic ball game shares characteristics with modern sports like baseball, basketball, and squash Spanish explorers took Indian athletes back to Spain to demonstrate the ball game for the king

26. Ball Court at Chichen Itza Relief showing ballplayer’s equipment

27. ANCIENT GREECE

28. Greek Sport Historical foundations Birth of Olympic Games (776 B.C.) Funeral Games honored the deceased and pleased the Gods Climate in Greece allowed for physical activity year round

29. Athens and Sparta: A Tale of Two City-States Greece composed of city-states Not politically unified Athens and Sparta most famous Had highly contrasting cultures Athens: center of culture and learning Sparta: military power with warrior- citizens

30. Athens and Sparta: Views on Physical Education Physical education had prominent place Education of mind and body was essential Athenians were educated by their families Beliefs were similar to our health clubs and personal trainers today

31. Ancient Olympic Games First recorded evidence of the Olympic Games: 776 B.C. Olympic Games occurred every fourth year (Olympiad) Games may have originated in the hundreds of festivals, mostly religious, held over the years Athletic contests were a major activity in festivals across Greece; a number of stadiums survive

32. Panhellenic Games LocationNameHonored god Victory wreath OlympiaOlympic Games ZeusOlive DelphiPythian Games ApolloLaurel CorinthIsthmian Games PoseidonPine NemeaNemean Games ZeusCelery

33. Stadium at Olympia

34. Stadium at Delphi

35. Ancient Nemean Games Race in Armor

36. Ancient Olympic Games Elaborate statues and other art forms erected Celebrated military triumphs as well as athletic success Greeks believed victory (athletics, military, etc.) was ordained by the gods Olympia was a sacred location where victory was rewarded Cheating occurred at Olympic Games as well as other athletic festivals in Greek world Financial and material gain by victory in the Games

37. Ancient Olympic Games Only males were permitted to compete and watch Married women were not allowed to attend, on pain of death; virgins could attend Women who represented the priestess Demeter could view the Games Showed the relationship between the ancient Games and theology Women who owned a horse and chariot could enter the competition—but not watch it Daughter of Spartan king was victorious in fourth century B.C.

38. Ancient Olympic Games By 472 B.C. games were five days long Half competitive events, half religious events Also had non-athletic competition Competitions in arts, philosophy, poetry, music Spirit of the games: originally religious Gave way to attitude of celebrity City states lured Olympians to their city by wealth and material possessions

39. Ancient Olympic Games Olympic champions became heroic Closest thing to a god as mortal can become. Given special privileges and could make vast sums of money by continuing to win. Received a lifetime pension

40. Gift from a Champion Charioteer Bronze statue, gift of the winner of the Chariot race at the Pythian Games

41. Ancient Olympic Games Greeks believed in developing the mind and body Olympics were pinnacle of this achievement Plato, Aristotle and other famous philosophers gathered at Olympia Theodosius I and II: first Christian emperors of Rome Outlawed pagan cults in A.D. 393 Ordered destruction of pagan temples (including temple at Olympia) in A.D. 435 Games tied to pagan religious buildings may then have ceased at most locations; the Games may have continued at some locations for a time

42. Rome

43. Roman Sport: Change Over Time Early Republic: people kept physically fit and engaged in athletic contests but were not interested in Greek-style formal athletic competition Upper class developed ball games, massage, thermae (bathing pools) Some wealthy Romans accepted the Greek concept of health gymnastics Honored their gods through physical activities Foot races, ball playing, equestrian displays, and wrestling

44. Roman Sport: Change Over Time Late Republic/Empire era: Less interested in personal physical fitness Greek athleticism not valued militarily by utilitarian Romans Rome became a nation of spectators Mass entertainment, spectacle, and carnage Games and sport did not facilitate physical education as they did in Greece

45. Roman Sport and the Military Military extremely important Affected views of physical training Youth were trained to make obedient, disciplined soldiers Prestigious profession Legions were feared throughout ancient world Stoic philosophy supported military system

46. Women and Sport Women’s role not nearly as documented as men’s role for entertainment value; not taken seriously Social and political system was based on patriarchy and class stratification Athletic competition was the domain of Roman men Women participated in swimming, dancing, ball games, and thermae

47. Women and Sport “Romanized” Olympic Games had wrestling and running contests for women Archaeological evidence that women competed as gladiators Roman officials outlawed participation at certain times

48. Games and Spectacles Religious holidays became elaborate festivals 53 public holidays in 173 B.C.; nearly 200 by 300 A.D. Politicians often funded spectacles to get voter support Spectacles took place frequently to pacify the people Government believed bored citizens would revolt Included gladiatorial fights, horse and chariot races, and various other forms of combat

49. Games and Spectacles: Arenas Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) Engineering marvel; scented water cooled spectators Food and presents thrown to poor Space for 50,000 spectators Typical agenda: Animal fights Men and women thrown to the animals Gladiator fights last and most popular Mass combats also held Emperor Claudius (A.D. 52) flooded Colosseum and ordered 19,000 slaves onto ships

50. Flavian Amphitheater

52. Games and Spectacles Circus Maximus: premier hippodrome in Rome Chariot races, gladiator combats in front of 250 thousand spectators More Christians were killed in the Circus Maximus than in the Flavian Amphitheater

53. Chariot Races

54. Games and Spectacles: Gladiators Mostly criminals and slaves trained to fight Utilitarian approach of pacifying the people System dealt with “criminals,” political enemies Some free men volunteered: auctorati

55. Gladiators Four major classes: Thracian, Samnite, Retiarius, Murmillo Dressed as Roman enemies who fought to the death Most popular events in the amphitheater

56. Gladiators Took an oath to be “burnt with fire, shackled with chains, whipped with rods, and killed with steel” (p. 87) Pompeii: best- preserved gladiator training schools

57. Sport and Christianity Christianity’s growth profoundly impacted sport Roman “sport” was condemned by Christians writers Christians were often victims of the spectacles Christians urged to avoid sport and games—but they did attend and gamble on events Extent of Christian participation in sport and games is debated

58. Sport and Christianity Christian Empire adopted popular chariot racing from the Romans Greek athletic festivals and Roman spectacles ended with destruction of Rome in 410 A.D.

59. Greek Reaction to Roman Sport Many Greeks opposed the introduction of Roman sport Gladiatorial contests were staged in Greece by first century A.D. Some emperors liked the Olympic Games and spent money to restore Greek athletic venues like Olympia