1. I. Recycling in the Biosphere * Biogeochemical cycles- a process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another.

2. Classification of Biogeochemical processes a. Biological- activities performed by organisms including: eating, breathing, burning food, waste elimination b. Geological- activities performed by the earth: volcanic eruptions, rock formation and degradation c. Chemical/Physical- formation of clouds and rain, flow of running water and the action of lightning

3. Biogeochemical processes (cont.) d. Human Activity- mining, farming, fertilizer use, and burning of fossil fuels affects the cycles of matter.

4.  Biogeochemical cycle- exchange of matter through the biosphere.  *Matter cannot be created or destroyed!!!*  Cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves:  Matter in living organisms  Physical processes found in the environment  Transforming energy into usable forms Cycles

5. Water Cycle Water is constantly evaporating into atmosphere (water vapor) Vapor rises, cools, forms clouds (condensation): – 90% of water vapor evaporates from ocean, 10% from surface of plants (transpiration). Water falls from clouds in form of precipitation

6. Water cycle

7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA

8.  *Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil*  Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen. Nitrogen Cycle

9. Nitrogen – needed to make proteins Conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation. Atmospheric nitrogen (N2)Nitrates (NO3) THE GOAL!

10. Nitrogen Cycle (cont.)  Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways: 1. Animals urinate 2. Organisms die (decomposers!) 3. Lightning  Organisms convert ammonia into usable nitrogen compounds. (Nitrification)  Fixed nitrogen converted back to gas and reenters atmosphere (Denitrification) In the soil

12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leHy -Y_8nRs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leHy -Y_8nRs

13. The Carbon Cycle Carbon Major part of organic molecules Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids. Contained within… animal skeletons rocks the atmosphere (CO2) dissolved in oceans fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil)

14. Carbon Cycle http://blogs.dickinson.edu/copenhagen/files/2009/09/carbon-cycle.gif http://blogs.dickinson.edu/copenhagen/files/2009/09/carbon-cycle.gif

15. Human Impact Fossil fuels release carbon stores very slowly Burning anything releases more carbon into atmosphere — especially fossil fuels Increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere increases global warming Fewer plants mean less CO 2 removed from atmosphere

16. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA

17. Phosphorous Cycle Phosphorous essential to organisms as it is part of molecules such as DNA and RNA. Remains mostly on land and in the ocean as inorganic phosphate- usually in rocks or soils. Rocks and sediments release phosphate as they wear down

18. * Plants bind phosphate into organic compounds when they absorb it from the soil or water. * Organic phosphates make their way through the food web to the rest of the ecosystem

19. Phosphorus Cycle

20. https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=leHy-Y_8nRs https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=leHy-Y_8nRs

21. IV. Nutrient Limitation Primary productivity is the rate at which primary producers (plants) create organic material. If one essential nutrient in an ecosystem runs short, then primary productivity will be limited

22. A. Nutrient limitation in soils * In farming, growth of crop plants is limited by a lack of one or more nutrients in the soil, which is why fertilizers are used * Fertilizers usually contain: nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium

23. * Micronutrients are nutrients that are needed in smaller amounts: calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, and manganese Iron deficiency in leaves of melon plant Soybean plant showing manganese deficiency

24. * All nutrient cycles work together like interlocking gears. If one gear slows down (one nutrient runs short), the whole system slows down or even stops.

25. B. Nutrient limitation in aquatic ecosystems * The open oceans are relatively nutrient poor when compared to many land areas * In saltwater environments, nitrogen is typically the limiting nutrient * In freshwater environments, phosphorous is typically the limiting nutrient

26. * Heavy rains can bring fertilizer runoff from agricultural fields into aquatic environments and causes dramatic effects such as, algal blooms.