1. Introduction to Nuclear Fission and Fusion

2. Basics Two types of nuclear reactions:
Fission
Fusion
Both types involve interactions between the nuclei of atoms
Both produce energy
Both are very different from chemical reactions

3. Basics In chemical reactions, two laws apply:
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change forms
Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change forms

4. Basics
In nuclear reactions, matter and energy are two forms of the same thing
Matter  Energy
‘destroyed’ nuclear reaction ‘created’
This relationship is shown with a relatively well-known equation . . .

5. Basics E = mc2 E = energy (measured in joules)
m = mass (measured in kilograms)
c = speed of light (measured in meters per second)
The Universal Constant: 300,000,000 m/s
Or is it . . .

6. Basics
E = mc2
E = mc2 tells us that a very small amount of matter can be converted to a very large amount of energy
For example:
1 paper clip (~0.3 oz) = 1 Hiroshima-sized atomic bomb (18 Kilotons)
Other examples

7. Nuclear Fission: What is it?
Splitting an atomic nucleus
Releases smaller atomic nuclei, neutrons, and energy
Uses large, unstable atoms like Uranium
Happens on earth in bombs and nuclear power plants

8. Nuclear Fission: How does it work?
1. U-235 nucleus bombarded with neutrons
2. Nucleus becomes unstable and splits
3. Split releases other atoms, 2 neutrons, and energy
4. Each neutron splits another U-235 atom and a nuclear chain reaction begins
U N  Kr-92 + Ba Energy + 2 N

9. Nuclear Fission: How does it work?

10. Nuclear Fusion: What is it?
Forcing atomic nuclei together
Releases larger atomic nuclei, neutrons, and energy
Uses small elements like Hydrogen
Happens on earth (bombs only) and in stars

11. Nuclear Fusion: How does it work?
Fusion (on Earth)
1. Two small atoms are forced together using extreme energy
2. Nuclei fuse, release tremendous amounts of energy
3. Energy forces other nuclei to fuse and a chain reaction begins
4. Only possible in uncontrolled situations

12. Nuclear Fusion: How does it work?
Fusion (in stars)
1. Two Hydrogen atoms are forced together by the extreme gravity of the star
2. The Hydrogen fuse to form Helium and release tremendous amounts of energy
3. Hydrogen fuel and the mass of the star keep the reaction going