1. 沈阳师范大学 主讲人：历娜 欧洲历史与文明

2. 第十一章：欧洲文明 European Civilization, 1871-1914: Economy and Politics

3. 第一节 现代 “ 文明世界 ” The Modern “Civilized World”

4. Overview 1. Materialistic and Nonmaterialistic Ideals 2. The Ideal of Civilization 3. Indices of Advancement 4. The “Zones” of Civilization 5. Summarization 6. Questions to ponder 7. Key Sentences

5. 1. Materialistic and Nonmaterialistic Ideals a. European unity lay in the fact that all Europeans shared a similar way of life and outlook; b. Europe and its offshoots constituted the “civilized world” or the “West”;

6. c. Most regions in Asia, Africa and Latin America were described as “backward”; d. Europeans and other Westerners believed they were the most advanced branch of mankind and all peoples should respect the same social ideals. If other peoples were unwilling or unable to adopt them, they were “backward” and if they adopted, they became “civilized” in their turn.

7. Europe

8. 2. The Ideal of Civilization Materialistic ideals a. The ideals of European or “Western” civilization were in part materialistic; b. The reasons why Europeans and Westerners considered their civilization better: 1. They had a higher standard of living and more satisfactory sanitary facilities; 2. They possessed ocean liners, railroads, streetcars, telephones and electric lights.

9. Nonmaterialistic ideals a. The ideal of civilization was by no means exclusively materialistic. b. Knowledge was held to be a civilized attainment: 1. scientific knowledge of nature—in place of superstition or demonology; 2. geographical knowledge—aware of the earth as a whole. c. The ideal was profoundly moral, derived from Christianity, but now secularized and detached from religion.

10. “Relics of barbarism” In the book Ultimate Civilization, the author Isaac Taylor defined the moral ideal by listing the contrasting “relics of barbarism”: 1. Polygamy 2. Infanticide 3. Legalized Prostitution 4. Capricious Divorce 5. Sanguinary and Immoral Games 6. Infliction of Torture 7. Caste and Slavery

11. 3. Indices of Advancement a. Indices to show the level of advancement of a given society: 1. death rate or number of persons per thousand or population who die each year; 2. infant mortality; 3. life expectancy or the age that a person has an even chance of attaining; 4. literacy rate or proportion of persons above a certain age able to read and write; 5. productivity of labor or amount produced by one worker in a given expenditure of time.

12. b. The essence of civilized living is intangible, but on a quantitative criterion the disagreement will be less in the aspects of lowering the death rate, raising the literacy rate and increasing the productivity of human exertion.

13. 4. The “Zones” of Civilization Two Europes a. Inner zone 1. “Europe of steam”; 2. bounded by an imaginary line joining Glasgow, Stockholm, Danzig, Trieste, Florence and Barcelona; 3. including Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, France, northern Italy and the western portions of the Austrian Empire; 4. all heavy European industry located; 5. advanced in transportation, finance, living standard, science and politics.

14. Train in The Snow Trains became one of the new symbols of modernity during the 19 th century.

15. b. Outer zone 1. including most of Ireland, most of the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, east Europe, Bohemia and Austria proper; 2. agricultural-based, low efficiency; 3. low living standard; 4. sold goods to inner zone but too poor to purchase many manufactured products in turn; 5. poor in politics and science.

16. c. Third zone including the immense reaches of Asia and Africa which were viewed as “backward” by the standards or cultural assumptions of Europe, except for Japan. Much of the world’s history since 1870 could be written as the story of relations among the three zones.

17. 5. Summarization European unity lay in the fact that all Europeans shared a similar way of life and outlook. Europeans believed they were the most advanced branch of mankind, both materialistically and nonmaterialistically. Indices to show the level of advancement of a given society Two Europes are considered as the zones of civilization, while the third zone is viewed as “backward”.

18. 6. Questions to ponder 1. How the intangible or nonmaterialistic values are always essential for a civilized living? 2. What were the inner and outer zones of Europe? 3. What third zone lay beyond the European world?

19. 7. Key sentences 1. The materialistic achievements and nonmaterialistic values led Europeans to think of themselves as the “civilized world.” 2. Although the ideals of European civilization were in part materialistic, they were by no means exclusively so. 3. There were really two Europes, an inner zone and an outer one.