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Influences of Social Structure on Implementation and Evolution of Turkish Distance Education Fethi A. Inan The University of Memphis Erman Yükseltürk Middle.

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Presentation on theme: "Influences of Social Structure on Implementation and Evolution of Turkish Distance Education Fethi A. Inan The University of Memphis Erman Yükseltürk Middle."— Presentation transcript:

1 Influences of Social Structure on Implementation and Evolution of Turkish Distance Education Fethi A. Inan The University of Memphis Erman Yükseltürk Middle East Technical University MSERA 2004, Gatlinburg, TN, Nov. 17-19, 2004

2 Turkey Turkey's land mass is 814.578 sq.km. The European and Asian sides are divided by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles.

3 Facts About Turkey Population of Turkey : 67.8 million (as of 2002) Number of PC s : 1.4 Million Number of cellular phone holders : 28 Million (2003) Yearly income per capita : $3.500 Current Internet Users : 5.5 million (2003) Literacy rate (2003) total population: 86.5% male: 94.3% female: 78.7%

4 Turkish Education System Primary school (K 1-8) Mandatory Directed by Government High School (K 9-11) Directed by Government Separate schools (Regular/ Vocational) University Enrolment by national student selection exam Facilitate by Higher Education Council

5 Turkish Education System The Current Situation in Education (1999-2000 School Year) Levels of educatıon# Schools# Students# Teachers Preschool9.882251.59615.696 Primary School43.32410.053.127324.924 Secondary School6.1682.444.407143.469 General High Schools2.6631.506.37970.249 Vocational and Tech. High3.505938.02873.220 Total Formal Education59.37412.749.130484.089 Non-formal Education6.5312.978.79948.506 GRAND TOTAL65.90515.727.929532.595

6 Characteristics of Turkish Culture Low-power distance High-power distance Weak uncertainty Av. Strong uncertainty av. Masculinity Femininity Individualistic Collectivist Low-context High-context Adapted from McIsaac, M. S. & Aydin, C. H. (2004)

7 History: DE in Turkey Distance education has been employed in the Turkish Education System during three prominent periods: 1927-1955 : first period 1956-1981 : second period 1982-1996 : third period after 1996 : fourth period

8 In 1927, A distance education model, “correspondence course”, was offered to increase national literacy From 1935 to 1955, distance education was brought to the agenda of public opinion from time to time but no action was taken History: DE in Turkey, 1 st period

9 In 1958, Correspondence Course Center (CCC) was founded within the Ministry of Education School Radio started in 1963 1975 to 1978, "Education Through Letters" application started History: DE in Turkey: 2 nd period

10 In 1982, Anadolu University (Open Education Faculty, OEF) started a program in Business Administration and Economics OEF extends number of programs and students after starting one program and about 30.000 students. OEF had a total of 650.000 students regarding the 1998-1999 academic year History: DE in Turkey, 3 rd period

11 In 1996, Bilkent University initiated some synchronous DE courses via satellite. In 1997, Middle East Technical University (METU) started experimental distance education course via the Internet. In 1998, METU started Internet Based Distance Learning certificate programs In 2000, Sakarya University started online certificate programs History: DE in Turkey, 4 th period

12 Online degree programmes Istanbul Bilgi University, 2000: Online Business Administration (e-MBA) Middle East Technical University: Online Master of Science Program in Information Science. Anadolu University & Suny, ESC started a joint e-MBA program

13 Preview: DE in Turkey DrivesTechnologies 1 st Period (1927-1955) Increase literacy level-- 2 nd Period (1956-1981) Increase literacy level Improve workforce quality Radio Printed materials 3 rd Period (1982-1995) Politics Military service Increase country profile Shortage of workforce/ Job Promotions Printed material TV 4 th Period (1996 -….) Provide flexible education Needs for workforce Appeal students Appearances of private universities Internet

14 Conclusion & Suggestions Analyze the needs, problems, and characteristics of society Ready-to-use interventions have never been successful in Turkey so that people should be provided with alternative technology solutions Examine prior experiences

15 Things to do Create technology infrastructure Improve access to information technologies Train faculty members and teachers in educational institutions

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