1. Chapter Seventeen Romanticism, Realism, and Photography Culture and Values, 8 th Ed. Cunningham and Reich and Fichner- Rathus Culture and Values, 8 th Ed. Cunningham and Reich and Fichner- Rathus

2. 17.2 A panoramic view of London, ca. 1858

3. The Intellectual Background Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Transcendental idealism Critique of Judgment (1790) Art reconciles opposites Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) Synthesis of thesis, antithesis Optimistic “World Spirit” Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Transcendental idealism Critique of Judgment (1790) Art reconciles opposites Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) Synthesis of thesis, antithesis Optimistic “World Spirit”

4. The Intellectual Background Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Dominating world power is evil The World as Will and Idea (1819) Despondency, pessimism, gloom Karl Marx (1818-1883) Communist Manifesto (1848) Universal proletariat, revolution Artistic realism: social and political Anti-capitalism Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Dominating world power is evil The World as Will and Idea (1819) Despondency, pessimism, gloom Karl Marx (1818-1883) Communist Manifesto (1848) Universal proletariat, revolution Artistic realism: social and political Anti-capitalism

5. Industrial Developments Other Industrial Developments Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) Theory of evolution, natural selection “Social Darwinism” Physics, chemistry Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Railroads, factories “a wilderness of human beings” Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) Theory of evolution, natural selection “Social Darwinism” Physics, chemistry Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Railroads, factories “a wilderness of human beings”

6. Art Under Napoleon Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) Neo-Classical style Conceptual vs. personal emotion Ingres’ defense of Classicism Inspired by Greek art Waged a war against Romantic painting Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson Combines Neo-Classical and Romantic motifs Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) Neo-Classical style Conceptual vs. personal emotion Ingres’ defense of Classicism Inspired by Greek art Waged a war against Romantic painting Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson Combines Neo-Classical and Romantic motifs

7. 17.6 Jacques-Louis David, The Consecration of Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of Empress Josephine in the Cathedral of Notre- Dame de Paris, 2 December 1804, 1806-1807

8. 17.7 Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, The Entombment of Atala, 1808

9. Ingres's Portrait of Madame Rivière

10. 17.8 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, La Grande Odalisque, 1814

11. Apotheosis of Homer Inges

12. The Concerns of Romanticism Expression of personal feelings Emotionality, subjectivity Individual creative imagination Mystical attachment to nature Love of the fantastic and the exotic Expression of personal feelings Emotionality, subjectivity Individual creative imagination Mystical attachment to nature Love of the fantastic and the exotic

13. 17.12 Francisco de Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, 1797-1798

15. Romantic Art in Spain and France Francisco de Goya (1746-1828) Execution of the Madrileños (1814) No idealization Persuasive emotionality Personal commitment, vision Francisco de Goya (1746-1828) Execution of the Madrileños (1814) No idealization Persuasive emotionality Personal commitment, vision

16. 17.12 Francisco de Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, 1797-1798

17. Francisco de Goya, The Family of Charles IV, 1800. Oil on canvas, 110″ × 132″ (280 × 336 cm). Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain.

18. 17.14 Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808, 1814

19. Goya's Saturn Devouring One of His Sons

20. Romantic Art in Spain and France Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa (1818) Intended as a direct indictment of the government Romantic art of Delacroix (1798-1863) Use of color to create form Violent, emotional scenes The Death of Sardanapalus (1826) Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa (1818) Intended as a direct indictment of the government Romantic art of Delacroix (1798-1863) Use of color to create form Violent, emotional scenes The Death of Sardanapalus (1826)

21. 17.16 Jean Louis André-Théodore Géricault, Raft of the Medusa, 1818

22. Jean Louis André-Théodore Géricault, Portraits of the Insane

23. Théodore Géricault, Portait of a Child Snatcher, 1822, oil on canvas, 65 x 54 cm (Museum of Fine Arts, Springfield, Massachusets)

24. 17.18 Eugène Delacroix, The Death of Sardanapalus, 1826

25. Ferdinand-Eugène-Victor Delacroix, Liberty Leading Her People

26. Ferdinand- Eugène-Victor Delacroix, The Massacre at Chios, 1824. Oil on canvas, 13′7″ × 11′10″ (419 × 354 cm). Musée du Louvre, Paris, France.

27. Romantic Art in the United Kingdom and Germany William Blake (1757-1827) Landscape as Romantic device Constable’s Hay Wain (1821) Turner’s Slave Ship (1840) Friedrich’s Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist (1817-1818) William Blake (1757-1827) Landscape as Romantic device Constable’s Hay Wain (1821) Turner’s Slave Ship (1840) Friedrich’s Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist (1817-1818)

28. William Blake, The spiritual form of Nelson guiding Leviathan, in whose wreathings are infolded the Nations of the Earth, c. 1805-9, tempera on canvas 30" x 24" (76.2 x 62.5cm), Tate Britain, London

29. William Blake, Black Slave on Gallows, 1796. Copper engraving, original coloring, 7 ⅝″ × 10″ (19.5 × 25.4 cm). British Library, London, United Kingdom.

30. 17.20 John Constable, The Hay Wain, 1821

31. Constable's Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows

32. 17.21 Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840

33. Turner's The Harbour of Dieppe

34. Joseph Mallord William Turner, Transe pt of Tintern Abbey, 1794. Watercolor, 12 ⅝″ × 9 ⅞″ (32.2 × 25.1 cm). Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United Kingdom.

35. John Martin, The Great Day of His Wrath, 1851-53, oil on canvas, 197 x 303 cm (Tate Britain)

36. 17.22 Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist, 1817- 1818

37. Monk by the Sea 1809

38. Cross on the Mountain

39. The polar sea

40. Romantic Poetry William Blake (1757-1827) Accomplished in both literature and the visual arts; “The Tyger” (1794) William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Founded Romantic movement “Emotion recollected in tranquility” Samuel Taylor Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Illustrates humankind’s powerlessness in the face of the majesty of nature William Blake (1757-1827) Accomplished in both literature and the visual arts; “The Tyger” (1794) William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Founded Romantic movement “Emotion recollected in tranquility” Samuel Taylor Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Illustrates humankind’s powerlessness in the face of the majesty of nature

41. William Blake 1757-1827 Engraver by trade A Swedenborg—mysticism Married but no children Printshop “I must create a system or be enslaved by another Man’s” Poetic Sketches, Songs of Innocence, The Book of Thel, Songs of Heaven and Hell, Songs of Experience, America: A Prophecy, Wrote and engraved/illustrated own works Engraver by trade A Swedenborg—mysticism Married but no children Printshop “I must create a system or be enslaved by another Man’s” Poetic Sketches, Songs of Innocence, The Book of Thel, Songs of Heaven and Hell, Songs of Experience, America: A Prophecy, Wrote and engraved/illustrated own works

42. BlakeBlake Aimed to be prophet and visionary—meant work to be taken literally Creates own mythic world but mixes real historic figures Vivid description, mood imagination Making everyday events mythic inspires people and raises awareness of social and political issues. Imagery and symbolism Crazy? Aimed to be prophet and visionary—meant work to be taken literally Creates own mythic world but mixes real historic figures Vivid description, mood imagination Making everyday events mythic inspires people and raises awareness of social and political issues. Imagery and symbolism Crazy?

43. Romantic Period 1798-1870 Rejects the imitation of classical work from Neoclassical, rejects rationality Freedom of individual self-expression: spontaneity, originality, sincerity, emotional, personal experience Emotional intensity: rapture, nostalgia, horror, melancholy, sentimentality, exotic, dreams Values of revolution, democracy, and nationalism Nature primary inspiration and subject Crosses all disciplines involves philosophy, political revolutions, and lifestyle Poetry: Romantic lyric: 3 stanzas with 8 lines each Repetition, Sensory imagery Rejects the imitation of classical work from Neoclassical, rejects rationality Freedom of individual self-expression: spontaneity, originality, sincerity, emotional, personal experience Emotional intensity: rapture, nostalgia, horror, melancholy, sentimentality, exotic, dreams Values of revolution, democracy, and nationalism Nature primary inspiration and subject Crosses all disciplines involves philosophy, political revolutions, and lifestyle Poetry: Romantic lyric: 3 stanzas with 8 lines each Repetition, Sensory imagery

44. William Wordsworth 1770-1850 Parents died by 13 St. John’s College, Cambridge Walking tour of France, Alps, Italy Inspired by French revolution Began publishing poetry Settled down with his sister Dorothy Lyrical Ballads, The Prelude, 1802 married, 5 children Deaths of brother and 2 children & Coleridge’s illness 1813 Stamp distributor, 1843 Poet Laureate Parents died by 13 St. John’s College, Cambridge Walking tour of France, Alps, Italy Inspired by French revolution Began publishing poetry Settled down with his sister Dorothy Lyrical Ballads, The Prelude, 1802 married, 5 children Deaths of brother and 2 children & Coleridge’s illness 1813 Stamp distributor, 1843 Poet Laureate

45. WordsworthWordsworth “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling as recollected in moments of tranquility” Imagination fuses with memory and real life situations—requires quiet reflection Nature more real, pure, simple, noble, more essentially human Stresses importance of the feelings of the poet over the subject matter Preface to Lyrical Ballads—language of the common man, rejects fancy language of pre- Nature is the muse –shepherd, peasant, beggar Return to true nature not picturesque “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling as recollected in moments of tranquility” Imagination fuses with memory and real life situations—requires quiet reflection Nature more real, pure, simple, noble, more essentially human Stresses importance of the feelings of the poet over the subject matter Preface to Lyrical Ballads—language of the common man, rejects fancy language of pre- Nature is the muse –shepherd, peasant, beggar Return to true nature not picturesque

46. Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772- 1834 Jesus College, Cambridge French revolutionary politics, drinking Southey—Pantisocracy 1797 met Wordsworths lived and worked together-- blank verse conversation poems Left for Germany to study 1800 Lake District—unhappy marriage and love affair with Wordsworth’s sister-in-law Crippling opium addiction-notebooks dreams meditations Travelled, separated from wife, Wordsworths, lectures—”organic form” Addiction and ending of friendships lead to suicide—rebirth/recovery After poetry collections and a series of essays on criticism: imagination, reason, symbolism, organic form… Jesus College, Cambridge French revolutionary politics, drinking Southey—Pantisocracy 1797 met Wordsworths lived and worked together-- blank verse conversation poems Left for Germany to study 1800 Lake District—unhappy marriage and love affair with Wordsworth’s sister-in-law Crippling opium addiction-notebooks dreams meditations Travelled, separated from wife, Wordsworths, lectures—”organic form” Addiction and ending of friendships lead to suicide—rebirth/recovery After poetry collections and a series of essays on criticism: imagination, reason, symbolism, organic form…

47. Romantic Poetry Lord Byron (1788-1824) Tormented Romantic hero, Byronic Commitment to struggles for liberty Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) Atheism, anarchy Perfectability of humanity Unification of extreme emotions John Keats (1795-1821) Tragedy of existence, peace of death Lord Byron (1788-1824) Tormented Romantic hero, Byronic Commitment to struggles for liberty Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) Atheism, anarchy Perfectability of humanity Unification of extreme emotions John Keats (1795-1821) Tragedy of existence, peace of death

48. 2 nd Generation Romantics Thought Wordsworth was simple and dull and egotistical sublime Importance of nature, feelings, imagination and self-consciousness but twisted Take Wordsworth and then branch out Thought Wordsworth was simple and dull and egotistical sublime Importance of nature, feelings, imagination and self-consciousness but twisted Take Wordsworth and then branch out

49. Lord George Gordon Byron 1788-1824 Aristocrats w/ money issues, father died young 10 years old title and estates of 5 th Baron Byron Trinity College, Cambridge—debt & affair w/ young man Travelled & published Seat in House of Lords—Grand Tour-publishing Weight issues/clubfoot 1816 Run out of English due to affairs, legal separation from his wife and alleged incest w/sister other sexual exploits--Italy 1824 Died defending the Greeks from Ottoman empire Aristocrats w/ money issues, father died young 10 years old title and estates of 5 th Baron Byron Trinity College, Cambridge—debt & affair w/ young man Travelled & published Seat in House of Lords—Grand Tour-publishing Weight issues/clubfoot 1816 Run out of English due to affairs, legal separation from his wife and alleged incest w/sister other sexual exploits--Italy 1824 Died defending the Greeks from Ottoman empire

50. ByronByron —”Byronic hero” Villainous heroes, satiric barbs, melancholy, reclusive, seductive, rakish behavor Favored classical forms-Spenserian stanzas, ottava rima (8 lines stanzas), satire Radical politics, orientalism, critical of earlier Romanantics Celebrity poet Fugitive Pieces Hours of Idleness English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Beppo, The Vision of Judgment, Don Juan —”Byronic hero” Villainous heroes, satiric barbs, melancholy, reclusive, seductive, rakish behavor Favored classical forms-Spenserian stanzas, ottava rima (8 lines stanzas), satire Radical politics, orientalism, critical of earlier Romanantics Celebrity poet Fugitive Pieces Hours of Idleness English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Beppo, The Vision of Judgment, Don Juan

51. Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822 A real Romantic-life and death: born rich, died young, sexual exploration, died in storm in the Don Juan with Keat’s poetry in his pocket Aristocrat, expelled from Oxford Married 16 yr old ag. father’s wishes, 3 yrs left wife and child for 16 yr old Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Grand Tour w/ her sister—later met the Byrons stayed in Lake Geneva Deaths 4 of his children & 1 of Byron’s Italy: desired a literary community (Byron, Keats) A real Romantic-life and death: born rich, died young, sexual exploration, died in storm in the Don Juan with Keat’s poetry in his pocket Aristocrat, expelled from Oxford Married 16 yr old ag. father’s wishes, 3 yrs left wife and child for 16 yr old Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Grand Tour w/ her sister—later met the Byrons stayed in Lake Geneva Deaths 4 of his children & 1 of Byron’s Italy: desired a literary community (Byron, Keats)

52. ShelleyShelley Fluent in Latin, Greek, Italian, Spanish, French Translated Goethe, Caldeon, Plato, Spinoza Educated in science and politics: for Irish indpdnc Challenged Neoclassical ideas and conventions Humanitarian values, conversion, nature, philosophy, challenges existing mores, values, individual morality “A Poet therefore would do ill to embody his own conceptions of right wrong which are usually those of his place and time in his poetical creations, which participate in neither.” Mont Blanc, To a Sky-lark (lyric), A Defense of Poetry, Queen Mab, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Sex, freedom, gothic, ethics and morality Fluent in Latin, Greek, Italian, Spanish, French Translated Goethe, Caldeon, Plato, Spinoza Educated in science and politics: for Irish indpdnc Challenged Neoclassical ideas and conventions Humanitarian values, conversion, nature, philosophy, challenges existing mores, values, individual morality “A Poet therefore would do ill to embody his own conceptions of right wrong which are usually those of his place and time in his poetical creations, which participate in neither.” Mont Blanc, To a Sky-lark (lyric), A Defense of Poetry, Queen Mab, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Sex, freedom, gothic, ethics and morality

53. John Keats 1795-1821 Apothecary apprentice 1816 began publishing poetry Met Shelley 1817 and Wordsworth Lakes, Scotland and Northern Ireland 1818 the great year 1819 tuberculosis 1820 Italy…died in Rome The Eve of St. Agnes, Ode to Psyche, Ode to a Nightingale, Hyperion Apothecary apprentice 1816 began publishing poetry Met Shelley 1817 and Wordsworth Lakes, Scotland and Northern Ireland 1818 the great year 1819 tuberculosis 1820 Italy…died in Rome The Eve of St. Agnes, Ode to Psyche, Ode to a Nightingale, Hyperion

54. KeatsKeats Explores the physical, sensual world Sonnet Negative capability “that is when a man is capable of being in uncertainties mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason” The sympathetic imagination— becoming something else or loosing oneself in.. Explores the physical, sensual world Sonnet Negative capability “that is when a man is capable of being in uncertainties mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason” The sympathetic imagination— becoming something else or loosing oneself in..

55. The Romantic Novel Jane Austen Superficially about manners and dress More deeply, they satirize the British evolution of mating strategies Mary Wollstonecraft Argued in favor of free love Ghost story competition resulted in Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus Victor Hugo Les Miserables Combined the Romantic style with a social conscience Jane Austen Superficially about manners and dress More deeply, they satirize the British evolution of mating strategies Mary Wollstonecraft Argued in favor of free love Ghost story competition resulted in Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus Victor Hugo Les Miserables Combined the Romantic style with a social conscience

56. Romantic Music Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) Pioneer of musical Romanticism Pathétique Rooted in classical principles Autobiographical emotionality Eroica “… the memory of a great man” Classical structure + Romantic elements Pioneer of musical Romanticism Pathétique Rooted in classical principles Autobiographical emotionality Eroica “… the memory of a great man” Classical structure + Romantic elements

57. Romantic Music Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) Fidelo Love of liberty, hatred of oppression Triumph over fate Pastoral “Ode to Joy” Universality of individual emotion Emotional intensity: No. 5 in C Fidelo Love of liberty, hatred of oppression Triumph over fate Pastoral “Ode to Joy” Universality of individual emotion Emotional intensity: No. 5 in C

58. Romantic Music Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) Fantastic Symphony Franz Schubert Personal emotion More than six hundred Lieder (songs) Unfinished Symphony Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) Fantastic Symphony Franz Schubert Personal emotion More than six hundred Lieder (songs) Unfinished Symphony

59. Romantic Music Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) Conservative Romanticism Symphony No. 1, intermezzo Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) Catholicism, mystical vision Symphony No. 8, adagio Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) Conservative Romanticism Symphony No. 1, intermezzo Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) Catholicism, mystical vision Symphony No. 8, adagio

60. Romantic Music Instrumental Virtuosos Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849) Mazurkas, polonaises “the soul of the piano” Franz Liszt (1811-1886) Hungarian folk tunes Faust, Dante Nicolò Paganini Violin virtuoso, Romantic exaggeration Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849) Mazurkas, polonaises “the soul of the piano” Franz Liszt (1811-1886) Hungarian folk tunes Faust, Dante Nicolò Paganini Violin virtuoso, Romantic exaggeration

61. 17.25 Eugène Delacroix, Frédéric Chopin, 1838

62. Romantic Music Music and Nationalism Emphasis on native musical traditions Modest Moussorgsky (1839-1881) Boris Godunov (1874) Russian folksongs, religious music Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) Antonin Dvorák (1841-1904) Emphasis on native musical traditions Modest Moussorgsky (1839-1881) Boris Godunov (1874) Russian folksongs, religious music Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) Antonin Dvorák (1841-1904)

63. Romantic Music Opera Bel canto Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848) Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835) Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) Dramatic, psychological truth Contemporary life issues Rigoletto, Il Trovatore, La Traviata Otello Bel canto Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848) Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835) Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) Dramatic, psychological truth Contemporary life issues Rigoletto, Il Trovatore, La Traviata Otello

64. Romantic Music Opera in Germany: Wagner (1813-1883) Gesamtkunstwerk Wagnerian characteristics Musical flow Elimination of virtuosity Emphasis on orchestra Leitmotiv Universal drama, universal emotion The Ring of the Nibelung (1851-1874) Tristan and Isolde (1865) Gesamtkunstwerk Wagnerian characteristics Musical flow Elimination of virtuosity Emphasis on orchestra Leitmotiv Universal drama, universal emotion The Ring of the Nibelung (1851-1874) Tristan and Isolde (1865)

65. Realism Realist Art Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) Champion of the working class “Pavilion of Realism” Honore Daumier (1808-1879) Used everyday events to express views Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) Champion of the working class “Pavilion of Realism” Honore Daumier (1808-1879) Used everyday events to express views

66. 17.27 Gustave Courbet, The Artist’s Studio: A Real Allegory of the Last Seven Years of My Life, 1855

67. Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers, 1849, Oil on canvas, 165 x 257 cm (Gemäldegalerie, Dresden (destroyed))

68. Gustave Courbet, The Meeting or, Bonjour M. Courbet, oil on canvas, 1854 (Musée Fabre de Montpellier)

69. Honoré Daumier, Le Ventre Legislatif (The Legislative Belly), 1834. Lithograph, 11″ × 17″ (28.1 × 43.2 cm). Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France.

70. Realist Literature A more naturalistic style; describe characters’ lives in realistic terms Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) Madam Bovary (1856) Honore de Balzac (1779-1850) `The Human Comedy A more naturalistic style; describe characters’ lives in realistic terms Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) Madam Bovary (1856) Honore de Balzac (1779-1850) `The Human Comedy

71. Realist Literature: The Novel George Sand (1804-1876) Issues of gender, moral equality Tolstoy’s War and Peace (1863-9) “Natural person” vs. civilization Charles Dickens (1812-1870) Social justice, evil institutions George Sand (1804-1876) Issues of gender, moral equality Tolstoy’s War and Peace (1863-9) “Natural person” vs. civilization Charles Dickens (1812-1870) Social justice, evil institutions

72. re The Humanities in the United States United States Literature European influences+individuality Transcendentalists Unity of humans with nature Emerson, Thoreau Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) The death of a beautiful woman is “unquestionably the most poetic topic in the world” Walt Whitman (1819-1892) Importance of the individual, freedom Humanity united with the universe European influences+individuality Transcendentalists Unity of humans with nature Emerson, Thoreau Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) The death of a beautiful woman is “unquestionably the most poetic topic in the world” Walt Whitman (1819-1892) Importance of the individual, freedom Humanity united with the universe

73. The Humanities in the United States United States Literature Emily Dickinson (1830-1881) Balance of passion, reason Psychology, faith, skepticism Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850) Evil in society Melville’s Moby Dick (1851) Profound moral issues Search for truth, self-discovery Emily Dickinson (1830-1881) Balance of passion, reason Psychology, faith, skepticism Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850) Evil in society Melville’s Moby Dick (1851) Profound moral issues Search for truth, self-discovery

74. Short Fiction Fiction has to do with prose which is as opposed to poetry By definition short fiction (stories) are shorter prose shorter than novels—too short to be published on their own Similar to other forms: fables (moral lesson), folktales (oral tradition), parables (allegory) Flourished in the 19 th century magazines as publishing became more common as did literacy A developed theme Involve fewer characters A single plot—such as one or two events Unlike the less sustained social background of a novel Fiction has to do with prose which is as opposed to poetry By definition short fiction (stories) are shorter prose shorter than novels—too short to be published on their own Similar to other forms: fables (moral lesson), folktales (oral tradition), parables (allegory) Flourished in the 19 th century magazines as publishing became more common as did literacy A developed theme Involve fewer characters A single plot—such as one or two events Unlike the less sustained social background of a novel

75. Short Fiction The short story intensifies the narrative process It draws the reader’s attention to a moment A genre that invites experimentation So the fictional elements of time, place, voice, point of view, and structure are often manipulated Developed with publishing and literacy (middle class emergence) The short story intensifies the narrative process It draws the reader’s attention to a moment A genre that invites experimentation So the fictional elements of time, place, voice, point of view, and structure are often manipulated Developed with publishing and literacy (middle class emergence)

76. The Development of the Short Story The short story really thrived in American and American writers really made it there own. Though some argue the first short story is thought to be Washington Irving’s “Rip Van Winkle” 1819 Irving’s short stories are generally made up of summarized narratives, episodic plots, and portraits of magical events In the mid19th century American romantic writers moved from a tale to a story with a unified plot, a protagonist, and a single effect. We’re talking about Edgar Allen Poe (gothic), Nathaniel Hawthorne (allegories), and Herman Melville (more essaylike and realistic). The short story really thrived in American and American writers really made it there own. Though some argue the first short story is thought to be Washington Irving’s “Rip Van Winkle” 1819 Irving’s short stories are generally made up of summarized narratives, episodic plots, and portraits of magical events In the mid19th century American romantic writers moved from a tale to a story with a unified plot, a protagonist, and a single effect. We’re talking about Edgar Allen Poe (gothic), Nathaniel Hawthorne (allegories), and Herman Melville (more essaylike and realistic).

77. Late 19 th to early 20 th century American Short Stories Move even more toward use of formal elements such as plot, character, and dialogue found in later short fiction. After the Civil War, American literature moved from romanticism to realism, and as the name “realism” suggests, the stories were told more realistically. Henry James and Stephen Crane “shows one action, in one place, on one day. A Short-story deals with a single character, a single event, a single emotion, or the series of emotions called forth by a single situation.” Brander Matthews in 1901 Local Color- part of the realism movement realistic images of lifestyles in specific regions of the United States. They portray commonplace scenes and characteristics of their chosen locales, representing character types, speech patterns, and social customs and beliefs. Bret Harte, Edith Wharton, Kate Chopin, Sarah Orne Jewett, Mark Twain Move even more toward use of formal elements such as plot, character, and dialogue found in later short fiction. After the Civil War, American literature moved from romanticism to realism, and as the name “realism” suggests, the stories were told more realistically. Henry James and Stephen Crane “shows one action, in one place, on one day. A Short-story deals with a single character, a single event, a single emotion, or the series of emotions called forth by a single situation.” Brander Matthews in 1901 Local Color- part of the realism movement realistic images of lifestyles in specific regions of the United States. They portray commonplace scenes and characteristics of their chosen locales, representing character types, speech patterns, and social customs and beliefs. Bret Harte, Edith Wharton, Kate Chopin, Sarah Orne Jewett, Mark Twain

78. Nathaniel Hawthorne 1805, July 4 Salem, Mass. Died 1864 Father died age 4, family moved to Maine, extended family cared for him, saw him educated 1825 graduated from Bowdoin College-writer Struggled early on as a writer—works he would not acknowledge Published in small magazines—wake of Amer. Publishing and literature Worked government jobs—Boston Custom House Mix of historic and symbolic, history and nightmare, psychological trauma, Gothic, human emotion and experience 1837 Twice-Told Tales, 1841 Brook Farm, transcendentalist communal living and cooperative labor 1842 Concord, Mass.-Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, Ellery Channing, and Margaret Fuller 1840s science fiction 1805, July 4 Salem, Mass. Died 1864 Father died age 4, family moved to Maine, extended family cared for him, saw him educated 1825 graduated from Bowdoin College-writer Struggled early on as a writer—works he would not acknowledge Published in small magazines—wake of Amer. Publishing and literature Worked government jobs—Boston Custom House Mix of historic and symbolic, history and nightmare, psychological trauma, Gothic, human emotion and experience 1837 Twice-Told Tales, 1841 Brook Farm, transcendentalist communal living and cooperative labor 1842 Concord, Mass.-Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, Ellery Channing, and Margaret Fuller 1840s science fiction

79. Nathaniel Hawthorne Allegories of the Heart, 1843 The Birth-mark 1844 Rappaccini's Daughter 1846 Mosses from an Old Manse 1845 back to Salem, Mass. Salem Custom House 1850 The Scarlet Letter 1850 Lenox, Mass. The House of the Seven Gables and A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, Europe Awareness of American history: Family history English, American Revolution, and Salem witch trails Political conservative, moralist, private man, Christian, skeptic, doubted transcendentalism but gave money to political and social causes Allegories of the Heart, 1843 The Birth-mark 1844 Rappaccini's Daughter 1846 Mosses from an Old Manse 1845 back to Salem, Mass. Salem Custom House 1850 The Scarlet Letter 1850 Lenox, Mass. The House of the Seven Gables and A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, Europe Awareness of American history: Family history English, American Revolution, and Salem witch trails Political conservative, moralist, private man, Christian, skeptic, doubted transcendentalism but gave money to political and social causes

80. Edgar Allen Poe 1809-1849 Boston both parents died Raised by John Allan, merchant 1815-20 England Allan receives inheritance stops support 1826 U. VA broke 1827 Army – 1830 West Point 1831-35 Baltimore short stories 1835 license to marry 13 yr. old cousin-VA 1837-8 NYC-Philadelphia Nearly starved Virginia died of TB Love affair between two women suicide attempt Boston both parents died Raised by John Allan, merchant 1815-20 England Allan receives inheritance stops support 1826 U. VA broke 1827 Army – 1830 West Point 1831-35 Baltimore short stories 1835 license to marry 13 yr. old cousin-VA 1837-8 NYC-Philadelphia Nearly starved Virginia died of TB Love affair between two women suicide attempt

81. PoePoe Died Baltimore after drunken binge 1827 Tamerlane 1831 Israfel, To Helen 1841-2 literary editor of Graham's Magazine “ The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” “ A Descent into the Maelström,” “ The Masque of the Red Death,” 1845 Broadway Journal: “ The Pit and the Pendulum,” “ Eleonora,” The Premature Burial, “The Philosophy of Composition,” “The Rationale of Verse,” and “The Poetic Principle,” Died Baltimore after drunken binge 1827 Tamerlane 1831 Israfel, To Helen 1841-2 literary editor of Graham's Magazine “ The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” “ A Descent into the Maelström,” “ The Masque of the Red Death,” 1845 Broadway Journal: “ The Pit and the Pendulum,” “ Eleonora,” The Premature Burial, “The Philosophy of Composition,” “The Rationale of Verse,” and “The Poetic Principle,”

82. U.S. Civil War Realism Reflect real life Multifaceted people/experience Grows pessimistic Local color Realistic portrayal of regional U.S. dialects, Harsh realities Romanticism’ pre-industrial ideals Naturalism Environment shapes behaviors and lives Lower classes moved by animal passions Individual has little control Realism Reflect real life Multifaceted people/experience Grows pessimistic Local color Realistic portrayal of regional U.S. dialects, Harsh realities Romanticism’ pre-industrial ideals Naturalism Environment shapes behaviors and lives Lower classes moved by animal passions Individual has little control

83. United States Art and Architecture Significance of landscape painting Natural beauty=moral beauty Hudson River School, Luminists Thomas Cole (1801-1848) Asher B. Durand United States Genre Painting Featured narrative scenes and portraits of ordinary people at work and play George Caleb Bingham (1811-1879) Significance of landscape painting Natural beauty=moral beauty Hudson River School, Luminists Thomas Cole (1801-1848) Asher B. Durand United States Genre Painting Featured narrative scenes and portraits of ordinary people at work and play George Caleb Bingham (1811-1879)

84. 17.29 Thomas Cole, View from Mount Holyoake, Northhampton, Massachusetts--after a Thunderstorm, The Oxbow, 1836

85. 17.30 Asher B. Durand, Kindred Spirits, 1849

86. 17.31 George Caleb Bingham, The Jolly Flatboatman, 1846

87. United States Art and Architecture United States architecture spanned Neo-Classicism and Gothic Revival United States Capitol (1793) Saint Patrick’s Cathedral (1858-1878) United States architecture spanned Neo-Classicism and Gothic Revival United States Capitol (1793) Saint Patrick’s Cathedral (1858-1878)

88. 17.32 United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.

89. 17.33 Saint Patrick’s Cathedral, New York City, New York, 1858- 1878

90. United States Art and Architecture Photography Principles of photography Camera obscura Heliography Daguerrotype Photography became the democratic equalizer Photography revolutionized the news media Photography Principles of photography Camera obscura Heliography Daguerrotype Photography became the democratic equalizer Photography revolutionized the news media

91. 17.35 Nadar, Sarah Bernhardt, 1869

92. 17.36 Alexander Gardner, Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, Gettysburg, July 1863

93. Chapter Seventeen: Discussion Questions In what ways did Romantic art alienate the artist? How did it serve to create a more national artistic identity? Explain. Explain how the industrial, technological, and scientific developments of the nineteenth century functioned as catalysts for the Romantic movement. Cite specific examples that illustrate your answer. Consider the role of the landscape in nineteenth- century painting. What psychological and philosophical statements are prevalent during this period with regard to humanity and nature? How is this relationship different from earlier centuries? Explain the this change in perspective. In what ways did Romantic art alienate the artist? How did it serve to create a more national artistic identity? Explain. Explain how the industrial, technological, and scientific developments of the nineteenth century functioned as catalysts for the Romantic movement. Cite specific examples that illustrate your answer. Consider the role of the landscape in nineteenth- century painting. What psychological and philosophical statements are prevalent during this period with regard to humanity and nature? How is this relationship different from earlier centuries? Explain the this change in perspective.