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Chapter 1: The Rise of Civilization

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1 Chapter 1: The Rise of Civilization

2 Chapter 1 Objectives Main Ideas: Students will learn:
About early humans and their migration patterns. That systemic agriculture brought huge economic, political, and social changes for early humans. The development of the first Mesopotamian civilization of Sumeria.

3 I. Early Humans Prehistory
* Prehistory… Archaeology… Anthropology… Culture… Artifacts (on sheet) Early Stages of Human Development 1. Hominids * Humanlike creatures… Africa… 3 or 4m years ago * Walked upright and make simple tools * Lucy: early hominid discovered by anthropologist Johansen (1974)… * Louis & Mary Leakey: early archaeologists

4 I. Early Humans Early Stages of Human Development 2. Homo Erectus
* Upright… make fire to cook/ warm 3. Homo Sapiens Sapiens * “HS”: “Wise Humans”: 250,000 yrs. Ago: Neanderthals * “HSS”: subspecies: modern humans 4. “Out of Africa” / Replacement Theory * “HSS” began spreading out of Africa to other parts of world… Europe & Asia… why?

5 I. Early Humans The Old Stone/ Paleolithic Age
1. Definition: Early period of human history 2. Hunter-Gatherers… Nomadic Life * Simple tools/ weapons: stone, bone, wood * Nomadic: search of food, animal migrations, vegetation cycles. * Fire: survival, warmth, protection * 20 to 30 in group: main job was survival * Developed written language

6 I. Early Humans The Old Stone Age 3. The Ice Ages
* Ice covered large parts of Europe, Asia, N. America * Last one: 100,000 to 8000 BC * People had to adapt: people migrated across land bridges 4. Paleolithic Art * Able to paint, not just survive… “Panel of Heroes” * Lascaux & Altamira (Spain) & Chauvet cave (France) * Religious or decorative purposes

7 II. The Neolithic Revolution
Agricultural Revolution 1. Definition of Neolithic * Human history from 8000 to 4000 BC * Greek for “New Stone” 2. Two Parts of Agricultural Revolution * Systemic Agriculture * Domestication of Animals

8 II. The Neolithic Revolution
Consequences 1. Rise of Permanent Villages & Structures… 2. Dependable source of food… villages into cities 3. Storage & surplus = able to trade and specialized 4. Early villages: plowing, weaving, pottery, social classes… and walls (need?) *** Great turning point: changed the way people lived & paved way for civilization

9 II. The Neolithic Revolution
The Bronze Age (4000—3000 BC) 1. Heat metal-bearing rocks… turn metals into tools and weapons 2. Lead to development of more complex & wealthier societies 3. Metallurgy: copper… copper + tin = bronze

10 III. The Rise of Civilization
The Basic Features of Civilization: Cities Central Govts Traditional Economy Organized Religion Social Classes Art & Architecture Infrastructure: roads, bridges, public works System of Writing Specialized Jobs Cultural Diffusion

11 IV. Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia
The Impact of Geography Tigris & Euphrates Rivers… Meaning of Meso… Fertile Crescent… Sumer, Assyria, Akkad… Sumerians 1. City-states: Eridu, Ur, Uruk

12 IV. Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia
Sumerians 2. Economy & Society * Farming & trade: what & where … wheel * Social Hierarchy 3. Religion * Polytheistic… Harsh… Theocracy… Powerful Priests… connected w/ king… ziggurats

13 IV. Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia
Sumerians 4. Contributions First wheeled carts/ wagons Sun dial (time) Arch: support in construction Bronze out of copper Irrigation systems Cuneiform Algebra & Geometry Charted Constellations The Epic of Gilgamesh

14 Chapter 2: The Spread of Civilization
(3100 – 200 BC)

15 Chapter 2 Objectives Main Ideas: Students will learn:
That Egyptian civilization brought periods of continuity and stability over thousands of years. That b/w 3100 BC and 200 BC many civilizations flourished in central and western Asia, and around the Mediterranean Sea as well. That environmental changes, along w/ migrations, led to major changes in ancient India’s culture. That dynasties in ancient China developed philosophies, political theories, and cultural achievements.

16 I. Egyptian Civilization
The Impact of Geography: “The Gift of the Nile” 1. Nile River * Course… predictable… silt… control… delta… 2. Egypt’s Natural Defenses: Desert, Cataracts, Sea *** Regularity of floods and isolation created sense of stability and security

17 I. Egyptian Civilization
The Importance of Religion 1. Egyptian Mythology *Amon-Re; Osiris; Anubis; Isis; Seth *Religion united Egypt; gave sense of stability

18 I. Egyptian Civilization
The Importance of Religion 2. Mummification * Life After Death *Religious; Scientific

19 I. Egyptian Civilization
The Course of Egyptian History * Menes 1. The Old Kingdom * Pharaohs… ma’at… bureaucracy… vizier… necropolises… Great Sphinx… Khufu’s Pyramid

20 I. Egyptian Civilization
C. The Course of Egyptian History 2. The Middle Kingdom * Golden age: expansion, trade, arts * Pharaoh: responsible… irrigation, worship, cities * 1700 BC: Hyksos invaded: bronze, horses, chariots

21 I. Egyptian Civilization
The Course of Egyptian History 3. The New Kingdom: Empire *Expansion & Militarism * Hatshepsut… Amenhotep/ Akenaten….Tutankhamen… Ramses II & the Battle of Kadesh * Nubia, Greeks, Romans

22 I. Egyptian Civilization
Social Structure 1. Social Hierarchy 2. Women * Property * Business Deals * Divorce * No education

23 I. Egyptian Civilization
Contributions 1. Science & Math * Knowledge… observe, diagnose, cures * Astronomy: constellations, planets, sun * Calander: 12 months, 30 days each * Role of Math 2. Writing *Hieroglyphics; hieratic, demotic, papyrus * Importance… bureaucracy…. Book of the Dead * Rosetta Stone (discovered 1799): Egyptian & Greek

24 I. Egyptian Civilization
Contributions 3. Art * Temples, monuments, pyramids, statues, paintings * Daily life, ceremonies, military victories * Stiff, standard poses * Literature: gods, proverbs, advice…

25 II. The Indus Valley Civilization
Geography * Subcontinent… Himalayas… Hindu Kush… Khyber Pass… Bolan Pass… Indus & Ganges River/ Plain… Deccan… plateau… Monsoons… Modern Pakistan

26 II. The Indus Valley Civilization
India’s First Civilization 1. Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa ( BC) 2. Rulers & Economy 3. Decline of the Indus Valley Civilizations

27 II. The Indus Valley Civilization
Arrival of the Aryans & the Vedic Age 1. Aryans Migrate into India *Indo-European Nomads… Vedas… Vedic Age * Foundation of Hindu religion 2. Aryan Ways of Life *Sanskrit, rajahs

28 II. The Indus Valley Civilization
D. Society in Ancient India 1. Caste System * Vedas: divided by occupation… evolved… * Definition * No social mobililty 2. The Family in Ancient India * Patriarchal * Sati/ Suttee

29 II. The Indus Valley Civilization
Religious Beliefs * Polytheistic… forces in nature * Indra… Brahman *Written records scarce before Aryans or can’t decipher *Aryans: Literature but little art, etc * Lacked dynamics of Egypt

30 III. The Rise of China Introduction… Add Ban Po A. The Geography of China 1. Rivers: Yellow & Yangtze River 2. Terrain: Gobi Desert; Tian Shan & Himalayas 3. Monsoons 4. Effect: Middle Kingdom

31 III. The Rise of China Xia Dynasty
* Yu the Great… Strong Royal Authority… Violent period… walled towns… * Contributions Assembled armies Carved jade 3. Worked w/ bronze 4. Primitive pictographs… evolve into Chinese script 5. May have designed first calendar

32 III. The Rise of China Shang Dynasty 1. Government
* Kings & clans ruled locally * Walled capital city at Anyang * Role of kings 2. Social Structure * Aristocracy & Hierarchy

33 III. The Rise of China Shang Dynasty 3. Religion
* Gods/ nature…. Ancestors…Yin and Yang… Oracle bones

34 III. The Rise of China Shang Dynasty 4. Contributions
Written Chinese… pictographs & ideographs Work w/ bronze: masks, weapons, utensils, sculptures Horse drawn chariots Astronomers: studied movements of planets & recorded eclipses of the sun Developed an accurate calendar w/ 365 ¼ days Developed how to make silk thread from cocoons of silkworms

35 III. The Rise of China Zhou Dynasty 1. A Feudal Government
2. The Mandate of Heaven & Dynastic Cycle 3. Economy… Money economy

36 III. The Rise of China Zhou Dynasty
4. The Family in Ancient China… filial piety 5. Contributions *Book of Documents… Book of Songs… calendar… silk... Irrigation… iron plow 6. Fall of Zhou “Period of Warring States”


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