1. Semantics-Based News Recommendation International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012) June 14, 2012 Michel Capelle michelcapelle@gmail.com Marnix Moerland marnix.moerland@gmail.com Flavius Frasincar frasincar@ese.eur.nl Frederik Hogenboom fhogenboom@ese.eur.nl Erasmus University Rotterdam PO Box 1738, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands

2. Introduction (1) Recommender systems help users to plough through a massive and increasing amount of information Recommender systems: –Content-based –Collaborative filtering –Hybrid Content-based systems are often term-based Common measure: Term Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) as proposed by Salton and Buckley [1988] International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

3. Introduction (2) One could take into account semantics: –Semantic Similarity (SS) recommenders: Jiang & Conrath [1997] Leacock & Chodorow [1998] Lin [1998] Resnik [1995] Wu & Palmer [1994] –Concepts instead of terms → Concept Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency (CF-IDF): Reduces noise caused by non-meaningful terms Yields less terms to evaluate Allows for semantic features, e.g., synonyms Relies on a domain ontology Published at WIMS 2011 International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

4. Introduction (3) One could take into account semantics: –Synsets instead of concepts → Synset Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency (SF-IDF): Similar to CF-IDF Does not rely on a domain ontology Implementations in Ceryx (as a plug-in for Hermes [Frasincar et al., 2009], a news processing framework) What is the performance of semantic recommenders? –TF-IDF vs. SF-IDF –TF-IDF vs. SS International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

5. Framework: User Profile User profile consists of all read news items Implicit preference for specific topics International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

6. Framework: Preprocessing Before recommendations can be made, each news item is parsed: –Tokenizer –Sentence splitter –Lemmatizer –Part-of-Speech International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

7. Framework: Synsets We make use of the WordNet dictionary and WSD Each word has a set of senses and each sense has a set of semantically equivalent synonyms (synsets): –Turkey: turkey, Meleagris gallopavo (animal) Turkey, Republic of Turkey (country) joker, turkey (annoying person) turkey, bomb, dud (failure) –Fly: fly, aviate, pilot (operate airplane) flee, fly, take flight (run away) Synsets are linked using semantic pointers –Hypernym, hyponym, … International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

8. Framework: TF-IDF Term Frequency: the occurrence of a term t i in a document d j, i.e., Inverse Document Frequency: the occurrence of a term t i in a set of documents D, i.e., And hence International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

9. Framework: SF-IDF Synset Frequency: the occurrence of a synset s i in a document d j, i.e., Inverse Document Frequency: the occurrence of a synset s i in a set of documents D, i.e., And hence International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

10. Framework: SS (1) TF-IDF and SF-IDF use cosine similarity: –Two vectors: User profile items scores News message items scores –Measures the cosine of the angle between the vectors Semantic Similarity (SS): –Two vectors: User profile synsets News message synsets –Jiang & Conrath [1997], Resnik [1995], and Lin [1998]: information content of synsets –Leacock & Chodorow [1998] and Wu & Palmer [1994]: path length between synsets International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

11. Framework: SS (2) SS score is calculated by computing the pair-wise similarities between synsets in the unread document u and the user profile r : where W is a vector with all combinations of synsets from r and u that have a common Part-of-Speech, and where sim(u,r) is any of the mentioned SS measures. International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

12. Implementation: Hermes Hermes framework is utilized for building a news personalization service for RSS Its implementation is the Hermes News Portal (HNP): –Programmed in Java –Uses OWL / SPARQL / Jena / GATE / WordNet International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

13. Implementation: Ceryx Ceryx is a plug-in for HNP Uses WordNet / Stanford POS Tagger / JAWS lemmatizer / Lesk WSD Main focus is on recommendation support User profiles are constructed Computes TF-IDF, SF-IDF, and SS International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

14. Evaluation (1) Experiment: –We let 19 participants evaluate 100 news items –User profile: all articles that are related to Microsoft, its products, and its competitors –Ceryx computes TF-IDF, SF-IDF, and SS with cut-off of 0.5 –Measurements: Accuracy Precision Recall Specificity F 1 -measure t-tests for determining significance International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

15. Evaluation (2) Results: –SF-IDF significantly outperforms TF-IDF –Almost all SS methods significantly outperform TF-IDF International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012) MeasureTF-IDFSF-IDFJ&CL&CLRW&P Accuracy78.2%80.1%78.3%59.5%38.1%74.5%58.5% Precision77.4%77.8%64.2%33.7%19.9%56.4%35.3% Recall22.0%35.9%29.3%63.5%49.7%40.0%73.6% Specificity97.2%94.7%94.6%57.9%34.0%86.3%52.6% F 1 -measure32.0%46.8%38.4%43.2%27.7%42.8%47.1%

16. Conclusions Common recommendation is performed using TF-IDF Semantics could be considered by considering synsets: –SF-IDF –SS Semantics-based recommendation outperforms the classic term-based recommendation Future work: –Employ also the similarity of words (e.g., named entities) missing from WordNet (e.g., based on the Google Distance) –Compare CF-IDF, SF-IDF, and SS with LDA (latent dirichlet allocation) and ESA (explicit semantic analysis) International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)

17. Questions International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining, and Semantics (WIMS 2012)