2. What do we mean by Emphatic Forms? Unit 11 – Presentation 1 “the devices we use to stress or highlight one or more terms of a sentence in order to achieve certain effects” How many main categories of Emphasis are there? 3: CASE I: All other terms, and the interrogative verb CASE II: i) the Positive Verb, ii) the Negative Verb CASE III: the Place Adverbs/ Adverbials (& certain onomatopoeic verbs)

4. It is/ was/ will be + emphasised term + who (for person-subjects) OR that + remaining sentence a) All the other terms in a sentence (NOT the verb) are emphasised using:

5. e.g. Was it in the afternoon that … ? When was it that … ? b) Can be extended to the interrogative verb, with or without a question word/ phrase:

6. e.g. What gets on my nerves is your impertinence! (subject) I didn’t take in all that he said. (object) c) We add emphasis to various syntactic terms using noun clauses with ‘what/ all’:

7. AdjectiveExample nouns veryday, essence, existence, reason, word sheerboredom, bulk/ volume, folly, luck, magnitude, willpower soleaim, criterion, exception, reason, survivor merechance, coincidence, handful, mention, technicality bareessentials, facts, minimum, necessity ultimateaim/ goal, example, penalty, solution, truth utmostcare, degree, importance, precision, secrecy utterboredom, chaos, despair, loneliness, madness considerableaccomplishment, appeal, coverage, growth, momentum substantialamount, contribution, difference, increase, meal d) Emphasise nouns with special adjectives & adj.’s/ verbs with special adverbs (I)

8. AdverbExample collocates mostinteresting, welcome, hateful absolutelyamazing, breathtaking, certain, clear, determined, freezing utterlybaffled, brilliant, exhausting, sincere, worthless merelyadequate, symbolic, theoretical solelyaim, rely, confine/ dependent, responsible d) Emphasise nouns with special adjectives & adj.’s/ verbs with special adverbs (II)

9. e) Employ a number of other techniques, like: a)repetition e.g. Do it again and again until you’ve got the hang of it. b)articles e.g. Not the Tesla, right? c)individual adverbs & adverb phrases e.g. whatsoever, in the world/ on earth, indeed, etc

11. do/ does/ did + positive verb–infinitive i) Positive Verb: auxiliary do/ does/ did. Only possible in Present & Past Simple tenses & positive Imperative, i.e.

12. negative verb/ phrase + auxiliary + subject ii.a) Negative Verb: inversion after a negative word/ phrase in front position, i.e.

13. ii.b) The Negative Words & Phrases that are normally inverted to emphasise their verb are: NORMAL SENTENCE:I have never encountered such inhospitable people. EMPHATIC SENTENCE:NeverhaveIencountered such inhospitable people.

14. ii.c) The Inversion rule also applies with: 1. Restrictive adverbs: only, rarely/ seldom, hardly/ scarcely … when, little 2. Result Clauses: so + adj./ adv. (in front pos.) + auxiliary verb + subject + clause OR such + auxiliary verb + subject + clause 3. Conditional Special Cases & Emphatic Forms: should/ were (to)/ had 4. Short Responses: so + auxiliary verb + subject OR Neither/ Nor + auxiliary verb + subject

16. motion prep/ adverbs & adverbials of place + main verb + subject + rest of the sentence Emphasise motion prepositions & place adverbs/ adverbials by ‘fronting’ them & inverting main verb & subject, i.e.: In this case, inversion is not always necessary.

17. This kind of inversion (main verb + subject) happens with: 1. Place adverbs: here & there (when the subject is a noun/ proper name) 2. Prepositions/ adverbs of motion: up, down, into, etc 3. Place adverbials: at the top/ bottom, in the middle, etc 4. Onomatopoeic verbs: splash, bang, pop, beep, boom, etc (mainly used with ‘go’)

18. The Passive Voice emphasises the verb & shifts the focus of the sentence. There are isolated examples of emphatic adj.’s and adv.’s, like many & well. Emphatic Comparative and Superlative forms, the adverbs emphasising Extreme Adjectives, the Formal Concessive construction and as also come under this tag. Notes on Adding Emphasis