1. Neutrino-Cooled Accretion Models for Gamma-Ray Bursts Tong Liu, Wei-Min Gu, Li Xue, & Ju-Fu Lu Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

2. 1.Introduction 2.Physics of Neutrino-Cooled Accretion Disks 2.1 Hydrodynamics 2.2 Thermodynamics 2.3 Microphysics 2.3.1 Neutrino Optical Depth 2.3.2 Electron Fraction 2.3.3 Electron Chemical Potential 3.Numerical Results for the Disk Structure 4.Neutrino Radiation and Annihilation Luminosities Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu ITPA,Xiamen University

3. Introduction Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs): ~ 10 50 – 10 52 ergs (depending on whether emission is isotropic or beamed) Theoretical models are in two categories: Fireballs: relativistic outflows, shocks, gamma rays, afterglows Central engine of fireballs Most popular models in the latter category are in common invoking a stellar-mass black hole accreting at a hypercritical rate, of the order of 1M ⊙ s –1 ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

4. Introduction Main problem: How to convert the gravitational energy released by the accreted matter into a relativistic outflow? Two mechanisms have been proposed: ▪ Neutrino emission and annihilation (in inner region of a hyperaccretion diskρ~ 10 10 g cm -3, T ~ 10 10 K, photons are trapped) ▪ Energy extraction from disk and/or black hole via MHD processes The former mechanism is easier to understand and can be calculated more accurately ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

5. Introduction Key question from observational point of view: Whether neutrino annihilation can provide sufficient energy for GRBs? Popham et al. 1999: Yes, but assumed neutrinos transparent Di Matteo et al. 2002: No, considered neutrino opacity, but used Newtonian potential Gu et al. 2006: Yes when general relativistic effects are considered and contribution from optically thick region is included ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

6. Introduction Other factors may influence structure and luminosity of a neutrino-cooled disk: Kohri & Mineshige 2002: Electron degeneracy Kohri et al. 2005: Electron fraction Y e =n p /(n p +n n )<0.5 Both are likely to suppress neutrino emission Full knowledge of disk structure is required to evaluate neutrino luminosity ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

7. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks Hydrodynamics: similar to that of normal accretion disks in X-ray binaries Paczynski-Wiita Potential: where M is the black hole mass, R is the radius, and is the Schwarzschild radius. ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

8. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks Accretion in the disk is driven by viscous stress, and the kinematic viscosity coefficient is expressed as, where H is the half thickness of the disk; is the isothermal sound speed, with P and being the pressure and mass density, respectively; and is a dimensionless constant parameter that absorbs all the detailed microphysics of viscous processes. ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

9. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks The angular velocity is approximately Keplerian,i.e., The disk is in the vertical hydrostatic equilibrium, and this gives. With these simplifications the problem is reduced to be one-dimensional, i.e., all physical quantities depend on R only. ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

10. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks The constant mass accretion rate is expressed from the continuity equation as where is the radial velocity that can be read from the angular momentum equation as where j is an integration constant determined by the zero- torque boundary condition at the last stable orbit, and it represents the specific angular momentum (per unit mass) of the matter accreted into the black hole. ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

11. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks Thermodynamics The energy equation is generally written as the balance between the viscous heating and the cooling rates, the viscous heating rate Q vis is similar to that of normal accretion disks, but the cooling rate Q - is crucially different, it has three contributions: ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

12. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks The cooling rate by photodisintegration of -particles Q photodis is where X nuc is the mass fraction of free nucleons (e.g., Kohri et al. 2005). The advective cooling rate Q adv is where s is the specific entropy, is taken to be equal to 1,i.e., ds/dR is approximated as s/R (Kohri & Mineshige 2002),and m u is the mean mass of a nucleon. The entropy of degenerate particles is small and can be neglected. ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

13. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks is the energy density of neutrinos, for which we adopt a bridging formula valid in both the optically thin and thick regimes (Popham & Narayan 1995; Di Matteo et al. 2002), where is the total optical depth for neutrinos, is the absorption optical depth for neutrinos, and the subscript i runs for the three species of neutrinos. The cooling rate due to neutrino loss Q ν is expressed as (Kohri et al. 2005), ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

14. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks The equation of state, The gas pressure from free nucleons and -particles P gas is The photon radiation pressure P rad is ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

15. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks The electron pressure P e The neutrino pressure P ν is ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

16. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks Microphysics The total optical depth for neutrinos is The optical depth for neutrinos through scattering off free nucleons, -particles, and electrons is given by ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

17. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks where is the mean free path, and are the cross sections of scattering on protons, neutrons, -particles, and electrons; and are the number densities of free protons, free neutrons, -particles, electrons, and positrons, respectively. The four cross sections are given by (Burrows & Thompson 2002): ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

18. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

19. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks where, is the mean energy of neutrinos in units of (m e c 2 ), g A ≈ 1.26, ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

20. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks Since and, the free proton fraction Y p, the free neutron fraction Y n, and the -particle fraction Y α are related to Y e and X nuc as ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

21. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks and are given by the Fermi-Dirac integration, ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

22. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks The absorption depth for neutrinos is defined by where is the total neutrino cooling rate (per unit volume) and is the sum of four terms, ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

23. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks The neutrino cooling rate due to the URCA processes q URCA relates only to v e and is represented by the sum of three terms ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

24. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks where,, Q = (m n – m p )c 2,and is the Fermi-Dirac function. ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

25. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks The electron-positron pair annihilation rate into neutrinos is ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

26. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks The nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung rate q brem through the processes is the same for the three species of neutrinos, ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

27. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks As to the plasmon decay rate q plasmon, only that through the process needs to be considered, where plasmons are photons interacting with electrons, (Ruffert et al. 1996). ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

28. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks Electron Fraction By assuming that the chemical potential of neutrinos can be ignored and that electrons and positrons have equal chemical potentials, the β-equilibrium condition is if the disk material is opaque to neutrinos, where and are chemical potentials of neutrons and protons, respectively. ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

29. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks On the other hand,if the material is transparent to neutrinos, Yuan (2005) showed that the β-equilibrium condition reads ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

30. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks The neutron-to-proton ratio in β-equilibrium is given by which results in for the neutrino opaque limit, and for the neutrino transparent limit. ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

31. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks In order to allow for a transition from the optically thin to optically thick regime, we adopt a treatment similar to that in Lee et al. (2005), i.e. introducing a weight factor and writing in a combined form, ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

32. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks We finally arrive at Another equation is from nuclear statistical equilibrium (Chen & Beloborodov 2006) ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

33. Physics of neutrino-cooled accretion disks Electron Chemical Potential The electron chemical potential is determined by the condition of charge neutrality among protons,electrons, and positrons, ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

34. Summary of Equations with given ρ and T ( from hydrodynamics and thermodynamics) Equations relating Y e, X nuc, and η e : β-equilibrium Nuclear statistical equilibrium Charge neutrality Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

35. Numerical Results for the Disk Structure ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

36. Numerical Results for the Disk Structure ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

37. Numerical Results for the Disk Structure ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

38. Numerical Results for the Disk Structure ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

39. Numerical Results for the Disk Structure Our bridging formula for Y e (solid line) Globally opaque material (dashed line) Globally transparent material (dotted line) ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

40. Numerical Results for the Disk Structure ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

41. Numerical Results for the Disk Structure ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

42. Neutrino Radiation and Annihilation Luminosities Having the neutrino cooling rate, the neutrino radiation luminosity (before annihilation) L ν is obtained as ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

43. Neutrino Radiation and Annihilation Luminosities For the calculation of the neutrino annihilation luminosity we follow the approach in Ruffert et al. (1997), Popham et al. (1999), and Rosswog et al. (2003). The disk is modeled as a grid of cells in the equatorial plane. A cell k has its mean neutrino energy, neutrino radiation luminosity, and distance to a space point above(or below) the disk d k. The angle at which neutrinos from cell k encounter antineutrinos from another cell k’ at that point is denoted as θ kk’. Then the neutrino annihilation luminosity at that point is given by the summation over all pairs of cells, ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

44. Neutrino Radiation and Annihilation Luminosities ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

45. Neutrino Radiation and Annihilation Luminosities where ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

46. Neutrino Radiation and Annihilation Luminosities The total neutrino annihilation luminosity is obtained by the integration over the whole space outside the black hole and the disk, ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

47. Neutrino Radiation and Annihilation Luminosities ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

48. Neutrino Radiation and Annihilation Luminosities ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

49. Neutrino Radiation and Annihilation Luminosities ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

50. Summary of Results 1. Electron degeneracy is moderate 2. Electron fraction drops below 0.1 in inner region 3. Neutrino opacity: Electron neutrinos dominate over other two types Absorption dominates over scattering 4. Inner region neutrino-cooling dominates 5. Neutrino annihilation luminosity is considerably reduced by electron degeneracy and neutronization, but is still adequate for GRBs, and is likely to be anisotropic Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu

51. Thank you! ITPA,Xiamen University Workshop on AGN and BH, TIARA, Hsinchu