1. Unit 7
Mineral Resources

2. Do Now What are tectonic plates? How and why do earthquakes occur?
What is a tsunami, and why do tsunamis occur?

3. Objective
I can analyze the relationship between plate tectonics and earthquakes, as well as their effect on human health using a lab investigation of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

4. Agenda Do Now, Objective (10 min) Geology Basics (20 min)
Indian Ocean Tsunami Lab Parts I – III (50 min)
Exit Ticket (10 min)

5. The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
Three major concentric zones of the earth
Core
Mantle, including the asthenosphere
Crust
Continental crust
Oceanic crust: 71% of crust

6. Cross-section of the Earth
Lithosphere – rigid “floating” on asthenosphere
Asthenosphere – fluid

7. Convection Currents in the Mantle
Lithosphere – rigid
Asthenosphere – fluid
- Convection currents in the mantle drive movement of tectonic plates in the lithosphere

8. Cold dense material falls back through mantle Mantle convection cell
Spreading center
Oceanic tectonic plate
Collision between two continents
Oceanic tectonic plate
Plate movement
Plate movement
Tectonic plate
Oceanic crust
Oceanic crust
Continental crust
Continental crust
Cold dense material falls back through mantle
Material cools as it reaches the outer mantle
Hot
material rising through
the
mantle
Mantle convection cell
Asthenosphere
Figure 14-3: The earth is composed of a core, mantle, and crust, and within the core and mantle, dynamic forces have major effects on what happens in the crust and on the surface.
Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on a falling convection current.
Mantle
Hot outer core
Inner core
Fig. 14-3, p. 351

9. The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving
The earth’s crust is broken into tectonic plates
Tectonic plates “float” on the asthenosphere
A lot of geological activity takes place at the plate boundaries

10. Indian-Australian plate
North American plate
Eurasian plate
Juan
De Fuca plate
Caribbean plate
Philippine plate
Arabian plate
Cocos Plate
Pacific plate
African plate
Pacific plate
Indian-Australian plate
South American plate
Nazca plate
Figure 14-18: The earth’s crust has been fractured into several major tectonic plates. White arrows indicate examples of where plates are colliding, separating, or grinding along against each other in opposite directions. Question: Which plate are you riding on?
Antarctic plate
Scotia plate
Fig , p. 366

12. Volcanoes Release Molten Rock from the Earth’s Interior
Magma rising through the lithosphere reaches the earth’s surface through a crack
Eruption – release of lava, hot ash, and gases into the environment

13. Extinct volcanoes Eruption cloud Ash Acid rain Ash flow Lava flow
Mud flow
Central vent
Landslide
Magma conduit
Figure 14-20: Sometimes, the internal pressure in a volcano is high enough to cause lava, ash, and gases to be ejected into the atmosphere (photo inset) or to flow over land, causing considerable damage.
Magma reservoir
Solid
lithosphere
Partially molten
asthenosphere
Upwelling
magma
Fig , p. 367

14. Figure 14-20: Sometimes, the internal pressure in a volcano is high enough to cause lava, ash, and gases to be ejected into the atmosphere (photo inset) or to flow over land, causing considerable damage.
Fig , p. 367

15. Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events
Earthquake: Breakage and shifting of rocks
Earthquakes occur at faults
Create seismic waves
Cause vibrations in the crust
Focus – origin of earthquake
Magnitude – severity of earthquake
Amplitude – size of the seismic waves

16. Liquefaction of recent sediments causes buildings to sink
Two adjoining plates move laterally along the fault line
Earth movements cause flooding in low-lying areas
Landslides may occur on hilly ground
Figure 14-21: An earthquake (left) is one of nature’s most powerful events. The photo shows damage from a 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Shock waves
Focus
Epicenter
Fig , p. 367

17. Types of Earthquake Movement

18. Richter Scale Logarithmic scale
A magnitude 5 EQ is 10x greater than a magnitude 4 EQ

19. Figure 14-19: The San Andreas Fault, created by the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate sliding very slowly past each other, runs almost the full length of California (see map). It is responsible for earthquakes of various magnitudes, which have caused rifts on the land surface in some areas (photo).
Fig , p. 366

20. Figure 14-21: An earthquake (left) is one of nature’s most powerful events. The photo shows damage from a 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Fig b, p. 367

21. Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause Huge Waves Called Tsunamis
Series of huge waves generated when ocean floor suddenly rises or drops
Travels several hundred miles per hour
December 2004 – Indian Ocean tsunami
Magnitude 9.15 and 31-meter waves at shore

22. Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause Huge Waves Called Tsunamis
2011 – Japan tsunami
Damaged nuclear reactors
Detection of tsunamis
Buoys in open ocean

23. Earthquake in seafloor swiftly pushes water upwards, and starts a series of waves
Waves move rapidly in deep ocean reaching speeds of up to 890 kilometers per hour.
As the waves near land they
slow to about 45 kilometers per hour but are squeezed upwards and increased in height.
Waves head inland causing damage in their path.
Figure 14-22: This diagram illustrates how a tsunami forms. The map shows the area affected by a large tsunami in December 2004—one of the largest ever recorded.
Undersea thrust fault
Fig a, p. 368

24. Upward wave Earthquake
Figure 14-22: This diagram illustrates how a tsunami forms. The map shows the area affected by a large tsunami in December 2004—one of the largest ever recorded.
Fig b, p. 368

25. 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Lab
In today’s lab you will accomplish the following
Locate the epicenter of the earthquake that caused the tsunami using real seismographic data
Determine what tectonic plate the earthquake occurred on, and what type of plate boundary caused the quake
Calculate when the earthquake occurred, and how long people living in the Indian Ocean had to leave for higher ground before the tsunami hit
Learn why 3 seismograms are needed to determine an earthquake’s epicenter
Analyze how a tsunami monitoring system in the Indian Ocean may have changed the outcome of what happened

26. Lab Part I – 30 minutes
Follow steps 1-5 and locate the epicenter of the earthquake that caused the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
Answer response questions
Locate the focus of the earthquake
Calculate the time that earthquake occurred.

27. Lab Part II – 10 minutes
Now that you located the epicenter of the earthquake, and you know when it occurred, you will use seismograms from closers stations to get a more precise epicenter location.

28. Lab Part III – 10 minutes
During this section of the lab you will calculate how long it took for the tsunami to propagate (move) from the epicenter through the rest of the Indian Ocean Basin.

29. Exit Ticket
Answer questions 1 – 4 on your exit ticket, and turn it into the bin 

30. Day 2

31. Do Now
Why do you need 3 seismograms to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?
What is the difference between the epicenter and the focus of an earthquake? Draw and label a picture to show your understanding.

32. Objective
I can analyze the relationship between plate tectonics and earthquakes, as well as their effect on human health using a lab investigation of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

33. Agenda Do Now, Objective (10 min)
Indian Ocean Tsunami Lab Part IV (35 min)

34. Indian Ocean Tsunami Lab Part IV – 35 min
Today you will complete your tsunami lab by researching the human cost of the tsunami.
You are expected to
Answer all questions in part IV
Use chromebooks to research the effect of the tsunami on the people living in countries with coast on the Indian Ocean
Research how a similar tsunami could effect people on the coast of Oregon in the U.S.

35. Day 3

36. Do Now

37. Objective

38. Agenda
Do Now, Objective
Mining the Web-quest
Introduction to Energy

39. Exit Ticket