1. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 1 Image Metadata: What users will want from mature interoperable image retrieval systems Howard Besser UCLA School of Education & Information http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard

2. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 2 Image Metadata: What users will want from mature interoperable image retrieval systems- _ Developmental Stages _ Metadata background _ Merging Images from 7 Museums (MESL) _ Structural and Administrative Metadata (MOA2) _ Image Technical Information (NISO/DLF) _ Finding Image Origins _ Other Metadata & Issues (IPR, Moving Images, Complex Objects)

3. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 3 Developmental Stages _ Experiment with methods _ Build real operational systems _ Build interoperable operational systems

4. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 4 Traditional Digital Library Model DL user search & presentation

5. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 5 Ideal Digital Library Model DL user search & presentation

6. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 6 Developmental Stages _ Experiment with methods _ Build real operational systems _ Build interoperable operational systems –For DL Initiatives –For OPACs –For I & A Services –For Image Retrieval

7. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 7 Metadata is not just indexing terms _ CBIR attributes used for retrieval on color, shape, texture, etc. _ Structural attributes used for page-turning _ Administrative attributes used for managing a digital work over time _ IPR attributes to limit unauthorized use _ Identification attributes to determine what application software is needed to view a particular digital work _ Can be located anywhere

8. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 8 Merging Images from 7 Museums (MESL) _ Project Description _ Inconsistent Metadata Issues- _ Strange Search Results- _ User Needs Assessment-

9. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 9 Samples from a MESL Site

10. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 10 Samples from a MESL Site

11. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 11 Creating New Image Sets (Views)

12. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 12 Fields in MESL Data Dictionary (1.1) _ 1. data agreement number _ 2. holding institution _ 3. accession number _ 4. accession method _ 5. credit line _ 6. label _ 7. object type/ objectclass/ object name _ 8. object title/caption _ 9. creator/maker - name _ 10. creator/maker - culture/nationality _ 11. creator/maker - role _ 12. creation place _ 13. creation begin date _ 14. creation end date _ 15. creation technique/method/process _ 16. material/medium _ 17. support _ 18. dimension/extent-quantity-unit _ 19. parts/pieces _ 20. marks/inscriptions _ 21. edition/state _ 22. associated events, people, organizations, places _ 23. concepts/subject _ 24. concepts/style-period _ 25. concepts/function _ 26. description _ 27. accompanying image - file name _ 28. accompanying image - caption _ 29. accompanying image - capture data _ 30. accompanying document - file name _ 31. accompanying document - type _ 32. version identification

13. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 13 _ Museum Collectn Mgmt System _ 1. object title/caption _ 2. accession method _ 3. accession number _ 4. label _ 5. credit line _ 6. creation end date _ 7. object type/ objectclass/ object name _ 8. holding institution _ 9.... _ 10.... _... _ 99. creation begin date _ 100. data agreement number _ 101. creation _... _ MESL Data Dictionary _ 1. data agreement number _ 2. holding institution _ 3. accession number _ 4. ccession method _ 5. credit line _ 6. label _ 7. object type/ objectclass/ object name _ 8. object title/caption _ 9. creator/maker - name _ 10. creator/maker - culture/nationality _ 11. creator/maker - role _ 12. creation place _ 13. creation begin date _ 14. creation end date _ 15. creation technique/method/process _ 16. material/medium

14. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 14 Authority control over artist name _ Goya y Lucinetes, Francisco de (Houston) _ Goya y Lucientes, Francisco Jose de (Harvard) _ Goya, Francisco de (NGA)

15. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 15 MESL Technical Info

16. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 16 Search Discrepencies

17. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 17 Query for “surreal”

18. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 18 Query for “haystack”

19. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 19 Query for “oil portraits of children”

20. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 20 “Madonna” Query _ columbia (99) _ michigan (66) _ virginia (66) _ cornell (65) _ illinois (65) _ maryland (0)

21. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 21 “Africa” Query _ illinois (273) _ virginia (249) _ cornell (195) _ michigan (104) _ columbia (99) _ maryland (0)

22. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 22 Search Discrepancy -- What Happened? _ different mapping btwn original data fields and perceived user needs _ different ways in which the various search engines work

23. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 23 Fields indexed from MESL Data Dictionary (1) _ 1. data agreement number _ 2. holding institution _ 3. accession number _ 4. ccession method _ 5. credit line _ 6. label _ 7. object type/ objectclass/ object name _ 8. object title/caption _ 9. creator/maker - name _ 10. creator/maker - culture/nationality _ 11. creator/maker - role _ 12. creation place _ 13. creation begin date _ 14. creation end date _ 15. creation technique/method/process _ 16. material/medium _ 17. support _ 18. dimension/extent-quantity-unit _ 19. parts/pieces _ 20. marks/inscriptions _ 21. edition/state _ 22. associated events, people, organizations, places _ 23. concepts/subject _ 24. concepts/style-period _ 25. concepts/function _ 26. description _ 27. accompanying image - file name _ 28. accompanying image - caption _ 29. accompanying image - capture data _ 30. accompanying document - file name _ 31. accompanying document - type _ 32. version identification

24. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 24 Fields indexed from MESL Data Dictionary (2) _ 1. data agreement number _ 2. holding institution _ 3. accession number _ 4. ccession method _ 5. credit line _ 6. label _ 7. object type/ objectclass/ object name _ 8. object title/caption _ 9. creator/maker - name _ 10. creator/maker - culture/nationality _ 11. creator/maker - role _ 12. creation place _ 13. creation begin date _ 14. creation end date _ 15. creation technique/method/process _ 16. material/medium _ 17. support _ 18. dimension/extent-quantity-unit _ 19. parts/pieces _ 20. marks/inscriptions _ 21. edition/state _ 22. associated events, people, organizations, places _ 23. concepts/subject _ 24. concepts/style-period _ 25. concepts/function _ 26. description _ 27. accompanying image - file name _ 28. accompanying image - caption _ 29. accompanying image - capture data _ 30. accompanying document - file name _ 31. accompanying document - type _ 32. version identification

25. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 25 Fields indexed from MESL Data Dictionary (3) _ 1. data agreement number _ 2. holding institution _ 3. accession number _ 4. ccession method _ 5. credit line _ 6. label _ 7. object type/ objectclass/ object name _ 8. object title/caption _ 9. creator/maker - name _ 10. creator/maker - culture/nationality _ 11. creator/maker - role _ 12. creation place _ 13. creation begin date _ 14. creation end date _ 15. creation technique/method/process _ 16. material/medium _ 17. support _ 18. dimension/extent-quantity-unit _ 19. parts/pieces _ 20. marks/inscriptions _ 21. edition/state _ 22. associated events, people, organizations, places _ 23. concepts/subject _ 24. concepts/style-period _ 25. concepts/function _ 26. description _ 27. accompanying image - file name _ 28. accompanying image - caption _ 29. accompanying image - capture data _ 30. accompanying document - file name _ 31. accompanying document - type _ 32. version identification

26. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 26 UCB Mellon Grant: Examining Faculty & Student Use & Usefulness _ What Faculty Do with Digital Images _ Major Issues for Faculty _ Faculty Concerns about teaching with Digital Images _ Faculty Concerns about Image Quality and Metadata

27. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 27 Faculty Use of Digital Images : Major Issues _ technical support _ training _ tools (software and hardware) –More than just query options _ time commitment

28. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 28 Faculty Concerns about Image Quality and Metadata _ Image quality is important, but the quality needed is contextual _ For these faculty, digital image quality was no worse than slides _ Any metadata delivered must be customizable by faculty member

29. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 29 MESL Follow-on Projects _ Academic Image Cooperative -- http://www.academicimage.org/ _ AMICO Project -- http://www.amn.org/AMICO/ _ Museum Digital Licensing Consortium -- http://www.digitalmuseums.org/

30. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 30 Structural and Administrative Metadata (MOA2)-  Special Collections Material  DLF Metadata for Interoperability Testbed  Administrative Metadata-  Structural Metadata-

31. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 31 Making of America II  R & D  Distributed Repositories  Transportation, 1869-1900  Testbed Project  Best Practices  Structural and administrative metadata

32. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 32 MOA2 Goal is Interpoerability  Book example

33. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 33 MOA II Classes of Objects  Continuous Tone Photos  Photo Albums  Diaries, journals, letterpress books  Ledgers  Correspondence

34. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 34 MOA II Metadata _ Administrative Metadata – for enhancing resource management _ Structural Metadata – for reflecting internal hierarchies and relationships btwn parts _ Raw/Seared/Cooked

35. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 35 MOA II Behaviors  Navigation  Display/Print

36. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 36 NISO/DLF Image Metadata Workshop (4/99) Image Technical Information : Possible Goals  Metadata fields  Rules for Field Contents (authority control)  Core set of necessary fields  Syntax for expressing fields and contents (headers)

37. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 37 Image Metadata Focus on Metadata that may prove helpful for  management  use  preservation ...

38. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 38 Image Metadata Break-out Groups: Work Done-  Characteristics and Features of Images  Image Production and Reformatting Features  Image Identification and Integrity

39. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 39 Image Metadata Elements for Data Dictionary Data Dictionary Entries _ Element Name _ Definition (short) of the element name _ Is the element required? (Identified as: Mandatory, Mandatory if Applicable, Recommended, Optional) _ How is the value of the element represented? _ Examples _ When is this data collected? _ What is the purpose of this data? _ Who would the identified users be? _ How is the metadata used? _ What other metadata standards reference it?

40. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 40 Image Metadata Elements for Data Dictionary Characteristics and Features Element List _ Format Issues: _ Resolution Issues: _ Encoding: _ Compression: _ Others:

41. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 41 Image Metadata Elements for Data Dictionary Image Production Element List (Pertaining to the Image) _ In-image target(s): _ System target(s), associated with the object: _ Responsible agent _ Rationale: _ Hardware: _ Software:

42. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 42 Image Metadata Elements for Data Dictionary Image Production Element List (Pertaining to the Process) _ Format of the image _ Intrinsic characteristics of the image _ Identification _ Provides a means for defining methodology including documentation and rationale _ Who is involved with the file? _ Who created the image file? _ Who commissioned the creation of the image file (i.e., the chartering entity), as opposed to: Who is the responsible agency? Who is the owner? _ Where _ What _ When: necessary dates including: capture date/time, modification _ Checksum _ Navigational aid _ Encoding tools

43. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 43 Image Metadata NISO/DLF Image Metadata: In Progress _ Data Dictionary for both “Characteristics & Features” and for “Image Production Elements” due end of 6/00

44. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 44 Finding Image Origins

45. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 45 Identification/Provenance (Images)-  The number of variant forms of a work can be enormous  Image Families  A digital image frequently has many layers of parentage  Information about the parentage that can indicate the quality and veracity of the image (Dublin Core "Source" and "Relation")  how to deal with different versions derived from the same scan or different encoding schemes  Vocabulary Standards to express this

46. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 46 The number of variant forms of a work can be enormous  different views of the same object  different scans of the same photo  different resolutions  different compression schemes  different compression ratios  different file storage formats  different details of the same image ...

47. Image Families

48. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 48 Identification/Provenance  how to deal with different versions (browse, hi-res, medium res) derived from the same scan or different encoding schemes (TIFF, PICT, JFIF)  Vocabulary Standards to express this – VRA Surrogate Categories – CIMI's "Image Elements”

49. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 49 Are some of the images I retrieved actually identical to each other? _ Canonical forms

50. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 50 Other Metadata & Issues- _ For IPR management _ Approaches to Indexing Moving Image Materials _ Structural Metadata for Complex Objects

51. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 51  formal structure for describing and uniquely identifying intellectual property itself, the people and businesses involved in its trading, and the agreements which they make about it (primarily for publishing, music, and visual arts)  will develop high-level specifications for the services that will be required to implement a global IP trading system based on this generic data model  focus is on encoding rights at a high level, not on resource discovery  likely to involve metadata schma registration and directory to allow interoperation of personal identifiers for rightsholders and users  supported by EEC DG-13  First meeting July 1999  http://www.indecs.org/

52. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 52 Indexing of Moving Image Materials _ Whole works vs. parts of Works _ MPEG 7 _ Approaches to segmentation & thumbnail representation _ Closed caption indexing _ Audio description indexing _ Semiotics

53. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 53 Structural Metadata for Complex Objects- _ MPEG 4 _ SMIL

54. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 54 Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) _ For repurposing and reuse in different ways _ Use XML to reference various pieces in different ways _ Supported by Realmedia but not Microsoft or Macromedia

55. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 55 MPEG 4 _ Object-oriented _ Very low level of granularity (even objects vs backgrounds) _ Scaleable bandwidth use _ Binary Format for Scenes (BIFS) borrows concepts from VRML

56. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 56 What will we need in mature CBIR systems? _ Look at what users want _ Hooks to allow users to DO something with the images _ Interoperability _ Image Metadata & Standards

57. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 57 Image Metadata: What users will want from mature interoperable image retrieval systems _ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard _ http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Imaging/Databases/1998mellon _ Spring 1999 special issue of Visual Resources _ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/image-meta.html _ http://www.niso.org/image.html _ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Imaging/Databases/#standards _ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/moa2/ _ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Classes/287-moving.html _ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Longevity/ _ http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/ifla/II/metadata.htm _ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Classes/287-mov-index-bib.html

58. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 58

59. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 59 Problems of Rich Media _ Complexity of formats (storage & compression) _ Synchronicity between media/streams _ Pieces and Boundaries _ Persistent IDs _ Interactivity _ Historical context _ Content _ Recontextualization (Postmodernism)

60. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 60 Opportunities--a scenario _ Huge stable online DB of rich media (Prelinger Archives) _ Creators create new works that consist mainly of links to and transitions btwn pieces of the rich media DB _ Works are not really assembled until run-time _ Securing IP permission may shift from capital-intensive producer to end-user _ Economics of media production may change drastically

61. Besser--CIR 2000, 5/5/00 61