1. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 1 Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

2. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 2 Learning Objectives 1.Phases and the phase diagram 2.Solubility and solid solutions 3.Conditions for unlimited solid solubility 4.Solid-solution strengthening 5.Isomorphous phase diagrams 6.Relationship between properties and the phase diagram 7.Solidification of a solid-solution alloy 8.Nonequilibrium solidification and segregation Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

3. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 3 Introduction Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium Solid solutionA solution that contains two or more types of atoms or ions that are dispersed uniformly throughout the material SoluteThe impurities that may occupy regular lattice sites in the crystal or interstitial sites

4. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 4 Phases and the Phase Diagram Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium AlloysA material made from multiple elements that exhibits properties of a metallic material Stainless steelsAlloys that usually contain iron (Fe), carbon (C), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and some other elements Single-phase alloyAn alloy consisting of one phase Multiple-phase alloyAn alloy that consists of two or more phases PhaseAny portion, including the whole, of a system which is physically homogeneous within itself and bounded by a surface that separates it from any other portions

5. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 5 Figure 10.2 Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

6. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 6 Figure 10.3 Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

7. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 7 Solubility and Solid Solutions  Polymeric systems  Copolymer: A polymer that is formed by combining two or more different types of monomers, usually with the idea of blending the properties affiliated with individual polymers.  For example, acrylonitrile (A), butadiene (B), and styrene (S) monomers can be made to react to form a copolymer known as ABS. Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

8. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 8 Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility  Hume-Rothery rules  Size factor – The atoms or ions must be of similar size, with no more than a 15% difference in atomic radius, in order to minimize the lattice strain.  Crystal structure – The materials must have the same crystal structure.  Valence – The ions must have the same valence.  Electronegativity – The atoms must have approximately the same electronegativity. Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

9. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 9 Solid-Solution Strengthening  Solid-solution strengthening  Increasing the strength of a metallic material via the formation of a solid solution.  Degree of solid-solution strengthening  In dispersion strengthening, the interface between the host phase and guest phase resists dislocation motion and contributes to strengthening. Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

10. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 10 Figure 10.8 Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

11. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 11 Isomorphous Phase Diagrams  Phase diagram  Diagrams showing phases present under equilibrium conditions and the phase compositions at each combination of temperature and overall composition. Sometimes phase diagrams also indicate metastable phases.  Binary phase diagram  A phase diagram for a system with two components.  Isomorphous phase diagram  A phase diagram in which the components display unlimited solid solubility. Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

12. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 12 Figure 10.9 Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

13. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 13 Figure 10.11 Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

14. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 14 Figure 10.14 Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

15. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 15 Figure 10.15 Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

16. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 16 Figure 10.16 Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

17. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 17 Figure 10.17 Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

18. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 18 Nonequilibrium Solidification and Segregation  Microsegregation  Also known as interdendritic segregation and coring, occurs over short distances, often between small dendrite arms.  Microsegregation can cause hot shortness, or melting of the lower melting point interdendritic material at temperatures below the equilibrium solidus. Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

19. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 19 Nonequilibrium Solidification and Segregation  Homogenization  Homogenization heat treatment: Used to reduce the microsegregation caused by nonequilibrium solidification. This heat treatment cannot eliminate macrosegregation. where SDAS secondary dendrite arm spacing D s rate of diffusion of the solute in the matrix c constant Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

20. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 20 Nonequilibrium Solidification and Segregation  Macrosegregation  Occurs over a large distance, between the surface and the center of the casting, with the surface (which freezes first) containing slightly more than the average amount of the higher melting point metal.  Rapidly solidified powders  In spray atomization, homogeneous melts of complex compositions are prepared and sprayed through a ceramic nozzle.  The techniques used in processing such powders include sintering, hot pressing (HP) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

21. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 21 Figure 10.18 Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

22. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 22 Key Terms   Solid solution   Solute   Alloys   Stainless steels   Single-phase alloys   Multiple phase alloys   Phase   Phase rule   Unary phase diagram or P-T diagram   Triple point   Solubility   Unlimited solubility   Limited solubility   Copolymers   Solid-solution strengthening   Dispersion strengthening   Phase diagram   Binary phase diagram   Isomorphous phase diagrams   Liquidus temperature   Liquidus Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

23. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 10 - 23 Key Terms   Solidus temperature   Solidus   Freezing range   Tie line   Lever rule   Segregation   Microsegregation or interdendritic segregation   Hot shortness   Homogenization heat treatment   Macrosegregation   Spray atomization   Hot pressing   Hot isostatic pressing Chapter 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium