1. Articulatory Net I.2 Oct 14, 2015 – DAY 21
Brain & Language
LING
NSCI
Fall 2015

2. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Course organization
Fun with
I am still working on grading.

3. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Articulatory Net I.1
Review

4. The articulatory network
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
The articulatory network

5. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
My second revision

6. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Broca's region
From Amunts et al. (2010). With permission

7. Frontal cortex colored
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Frontal cortex colored

8. Somatosensory & motor homunculi
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Somatosensory & motor homunculi

9. Motor & somatosensory homunculi
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Motor & somatosensory homunculi

10. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Articulatory Net I
The higher level codes speech information predominantly at the syllable level (that is, vocal tract opening and closing cycles) and involves a sensory–motor loop that includes sensory targets in the auditory cortex (via Spt) and motor programs coded in the Brodmann area 44 (BA44) portion of Broca's area and/or lower BA6.

11. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Hypothesis
pIFG (BA44)
beaker [bikɹ]
baker [beɪkɹ]
backer [bækɹ]
booker [bʊkɹ]
vPM (BA6)
[beɪk]…
M1 (BA4)
[b … ]

12. Levelt 1989 on speech production
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Levelt 1989 on speech production

13. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Executive functions
Executive functions (also known as cognitive control and supervisory attentional system) is an umbrella term for the management (or regulation, or control) of cognitive processes, including:
working memory
reasoning
task flexibility
problem solving
planning
execution

14. They live in prefrontal cortex
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
They live in prefrontal cortex

15. Response selection or inhibition
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Response selection or inhibition
Go/no go task

16. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Go/no-go task
A task in which stimuli are presented in a continuous stream and participants perform a binary decision on each stimulus.
One of the outcomes requires participants to make a motor response (go), whereas the other requires participants to withhold a response (no-go).
Accuracy and reaction time are measured for each event. Go events typically occur with higher frequency than no-go events.

17. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Function segregation in the left inferior frontal gyrus: a listening fMRI study
Four kinds of sounds were used as stimuli: Japanese word, Japanese nonsense word, English word, and English nonsense word.
We found a similar function segregation trend in the left inferior frontal gyrus to that found in studies using visual tasks
The more extensive activation of the dorsal left inferior frontal gyrus in response to the English word and nonsense word listening tasks vs. the Japanese word and nonsense word listening tasks might be related to greater demand for articulatory processing,
whereas the increased activation of the ventral left inferior frontal gyrus in response to the word listening tasks compared with the nonsense word listening tasks might be related to lexical or semantic processing.

18. Visualization of results
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Visualization of results

19. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Phonological but not arithmetic processing engages left posterior inferior frontal gyrus
Arithmetic and language processing involve similar neural networks, but the relative engagement has not previously been investigated in a single study.
In the present study we compared activation for phonology, multiplication and subtraction tasks, keeping the stimulus material constant, within a predefined language-calculation network including left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and angular gyrus (AG) as well as superior parietal lobule (SPL) and the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus (hIP) bilaterally.
Results revealed an overall left lateralized activation pattern within the perisylvian language network for all tasks but with a regional division of responsibility between multiplication and phonology, where phonology primarily recruited posterior IFG and anterior AG, while multiplication primarily recruited anterior IFG and posterior AG.
Multiplication and subtraction engaged similar neuronal systems,  suggesting that the simple subtraction problems used in the present study can be stored as unified representations in long term memory and accessed through arithmetic fact retrieval.

20. Ventral premotor cortex
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Ventral premotor cortex
The ventral premotor cortex has been implicated in motor vocabularies in both speech and manual gestures.
A mental syllabary — a repository of gestural scores for the most highly used syllables in a language — has been linked to the ventral premotor cortex in a large-scale meta-analysis of functional imaging studies.
A recent prospective fMRI study that was designed to distinguish phonemic and syllable representations in motor codes provided further evidence for this view by demonstrating adaptation effects in the ventral premotor cortex to repeating syllables.

21. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Final project
Improve a Wikipedia article about any of the topics mentioned in class or any other topic broadly related to neurolinguistics.
Print the article before you improve it.
Print the article after you improve it, highlighting your additions.

22. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10/14/15
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
NEXT TIME
Continue with Articulatory net 1