1. Special Lecture Stand Structural Diversity
Forest Mensuration II
Special Lecture Stand Structural Diversity
Silvicultural practices in North America have dramatically changed over last two centuries. Since European settlement, forest management practices have evolved from exploitation during 17 to 19 centuries, timber management in the twentieth century, and today’s ecosystem management.
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2. Biological Diversity Structure Genetic diversity
Stand level diversity ()
Local landscape diversity ()
Regional diversity ()
Species richness
Evenness
CCFM National Status -Criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management in Canada - show the report.
Biodiversity refers to the variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are a part. They can be measured at ecosystem, species, and genetic levels.
Ecosystem diversity describes the variety of ecosystems found in a landscape. This is often call beta diversity.
Species diversity refers to the number and relative abundance of species found in an area.
Genetic characteristics found within a species and among different species.
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3. Objectives Concepts Classification of stand structure
Measures of stand structural diversity
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4. Stand structure attributes
Living trees
Snags, CWD
Age
Composition
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5. Stand structure Arrangement of trees in space
Vertical
horizontal
Stand structural diversity-Variability among trees vertically and horizontally within a stand
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6. Why stand structural diversity?
Ecological
A measure of biodiversity
Wildlife habitat
Ecosystem process (e.g., productivity)
Social
Visual quality
Management - structure based
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7. Vertical structure Single-storied/ normal Multi-storied/ irregular
Frequency
(stems/ha)
Single-storied/
normal
Multi-storied/
irregular
Multi-storied/
inverse J
Two-storied/
bimodal
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Smith et al. 1997
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12. Special lecture
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13. Measures of vertical structural diversity
Shannon-Weiner index (H´)
Variance of tree size (S2)
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14. Shannon-Weiner index (H´)
Stand A
Stand B P1 P2
0.9
0.1
0.5
Example
Stand C
0.33
0.34 P3
0.33
0.69 H’
1.10
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15. Shannon-Weiner index (H´)
Frequency
(stems/ha)
Shannon-Weiner index (H´)
DBH
Proportion (Freq.)
DBH
Proportion (BA)
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16. Variance of tree size Frequency DBH Frequency Special lecture
(stems/ha)
Variance of tree size
DBH
Frequency
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17. Horizontal structure Stand 1 Stand 2 Stand 3 Random Clumped
(aggregate)
Uniform
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18. Random
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19. Clumped
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20. Special lecture
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Clumped

21. Uniform
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22. Measure of horizontal structure
Clark and Evans’ test (C)
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23. Observed mean distance
= ( ,,,)/15
= m
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24. Expected mean distance
Random (Poisson) distribution m
Standard error m
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25. Clark and Evans’ test C Clumped Random Regular -1.96 1.96
-1.96
1.96 C
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26. Three-dimensional structure
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27. Structural complexity index (SCI)z x y z
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28. Problem with SCI Stand 1 Stand 2 Stand 3 Tree heights = 5 m
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29. Summary Concepts Classification of stand structure
Vertical
Horizontal
Measures of stand structural diversity
Shannon-Weiner index
Variance of tree size
Horizontal: Clark and Evans test
Three-dimensional: SCI
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30. Possible research topics
Does increasing structural diversity affect
Stand productivity?
Silvicultural feasibility?
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33. How do we measure landscape structural diversity?
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34. Criteria for Sustainable Forest Management
Conserving Biological Diversity
Maintenance and enhancement of Forest Ecosystem Condition and Productivity
Conservation of Soil and Water Resources
Forest Ecosystem Contributions to Globe Ecological Cycles
Multiple Benefits to Society
Accepting Society’s Responsibility for Sustainable Development
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