1. Special Reactions Remember these!!!

2. Acid-Base (Neutralization) When an acid is mixed with a base, a salt and water are formed. HNO 3 (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaNO 3 (aq) + HOH (l) acidbase ionic salt water

3. Nonmetal Oxides in Water A nonmetal oxide is known as an acid anhydride. When mixed with water, it forms an acid. (This is the cause of acid rain.) SO 3 (g) + H 2 O(l)  H 2 SO 4 (aq)

4. Metal Oxides in Water If a metal oxide, also called a base anhydride, is mixed with water, a base is formed. Na 2 O(s) + H 2 O(l)  2 NaOH(aq)

5. Combustion Combustion of substances containing carbon will form carbon dioxide gas. 2 CO(g) + O 2 (g)  2 CO 2 (g) Combustion of substances containing carbon and hydrogen will form carbon dioxide and water. CH 4 (g) + 2 O 2 (g)  CO 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O(g)

6. Incomplete Combustion If not enough oxygen is present when burning a hydrocarbon, the result is the formation of carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide. 2 CH 4 (g) + 3 O 2 (g)  2 CO(g) + 4 H 2 O(g)

7. Chlorates When heated, chlorates will decompose into their respective chloride salts and oxygen gas. 2 KClO 3 (s)  2 KCl(s) + 3 O 2 (g) Mg(ClO 3 ) 2 (s)  MgCl 2 (s) + 3 O 2 (g) 2 Al(ClO 3 ) 3 (s)  2 AlCl 3 (s) + 9 O 2 (g)

8. Carbonates Carbonates will often decompose into the metal oxide and carbon dioxide gas. K 2 CO 3 (s)  K 2 O(s) + CO 2 (g) MgCO 3 (s)  MgO(s) + CO 2 (g) Al 2 (CO 3 ) 3 (s)  Al 2 O 3 (s) + 3 CO 2 (g)

9. Carbonic Acid Carbonic acid, H 2 CO 3, will spontaneously decompose into carbon dioxide and water. H 2 CO 3 (aq)  CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) If carbonic acid is a product of a reaction, it will decompose. One should NEVER have carbonic acid as a final product!

10. Carbonates and acids When a carbonate is mixed with an acid, carbonic acid is usually a product. Recall that carbonic acid spontaneously decomposes into carbon dioxide and water! 2 HCl (aq) + MgCO 3 (aq)  MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 CO 3 (aq)  2 HCl (aq) + MgCO 3 (aq)  MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)

11. Oxidation and Reduction (Redox) Electrons are transferred Each sodium atom loses one electron: Each chlorine atom gains one electron:

12. How do you know if it ’ s Oxidation or Reduction? G ain E lectrons = R eduction An old memory device for oxidation and reduction goes like this… LEO says GER L ose E lectrons = O xidation

13. LEO says GER : LEO says GER : Lose Electrons = Oxidation Sodium is oxidized Gain Electrons = Reduction Chlorine is reduced

14. Reducing Agents and Oxidizing Agents The substance reduced is the oxidizing agent The substance oxidized is the reducing agent Sodium is oxidized – it is the reducing agent Chlorine is reduced – it is the oxidizing agent