1. Spirometer & Lung volume
Canan HASANCAOĞLU
ID Number:
Course Instructor:Prof. Dr.Tülay YILDIRIM
Yeditepe University Biomedical Engineering Department
İstanbul,2013

2. Overview Respritory System Breathing Lung Volume Lung Capacitance
Spitometer
Types of Spirometer

3. Respiratory
The respiratory system  is the biological system that introduces respiratory gases to the interior and performs gas exchange.
In humans and other mammals, the anatomical features of the respiratory system include airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles. 
Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood. This exchange process occurs in the alveolar region of the lungs.

4. Conducting Zone: Bronchial Tree
Respiratory Zone: Alveoli

5. Gas Exchange of Respiratory Membrane
In humans and other mammals, this exchange facilitates oxygenation of the blood with a concomitant removal of carbon dioxide and other gaseous metabolic wastes from the circulation.As gas exchange occurs, the acid-base balance of the body is maintained as part of homeostasis.

6. BREATHING
Every minute, an average person breathes anywhere from 9 to 20 times.
Breathing consists of two phases;
Inspiration – air flows into the lungs
Expiration – gases exit the lungs
For Animation;

7. Inspiration

8. Expiration

9. Pressure Relationships

10. Lung Volume
Lung volume is the percentage of air that lungs can hold at any given period of time.
Lung volume differs from person to person.
On average, a human being can retain 6.3 quarts (6 liters) of air in his lungs at any one time.

11. Lung Volume
Tidal volume (TV) –air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (approximately 500 ml)

12. Lung Volume
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) –air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume(2100–3200 ml)

13. Lung Volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)–air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration
(1000–1200 ml)

14. Lung Volume
Residual volume (RV) – air left in the lungs after strenuous expiration (1200 ml)

15. Lung Capacities
- Lung volumes is also something very similar to this called lung capacity.
Inspiratory capacity (IC) – total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration (IRV + TV)
Functional residual capacity (FRC) – amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration (RV + ERV)
*Helium Dilution Tecnique
*N2 Dilution Method
Vital capacity (VC) – the total amount of exchangeable air (TV + IRV + ERV)
Total lung capacity (TLC) – sum of all lung volumes ( approx ml in males)

16. Spirometer
A spirometer is an apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs. It is a precision differential pressure transducer for the measurements of respiration flow rates.
The spirometer records the amount of air and the rate of air that is breathed in and out over a specified period.

17. Mechanism of Spirometer
For Animation;

18. Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Spirometer is one of the equipments used for basic Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs).It is often used for finding the cause for shortness of breath, assessing the effects of contaminants on lung functions, effect of medication, and progress for disease treatment.

19. Basıc Spirometric measurement
STATIC LUNG VOLUME:
* Vital capacite (VC)
*Other lung volumes can be measures with Spirometer accept Residual volume(RV)
DYNAMIC LUNG VOLUME
*The Forced Vital Capacity(FVC)
*Forced Expiratory Volume in the First (FEV1)
*Mid Breath Forced Expiratory Flow(FEF25-75)
*Current- Volume Ring(Volume/time =speed)

20. Types of Spirometer
Tank-type spirometer : A basic type of spirometer that canister of soda is usually attached to absorb carbon dioxide and a kymograph trace is produced to record changes in total volume gas. From this, vital capacity, tidal volume, breathing rate and ventilation rate can be calculated. From the overall decline on the graph, the oxygen uptake can also be measured.

21. Windmill-type spirometer:is also known as Spiropet spirometer
Windmill-type spirometer:is also known as Spiropet spirometer. It is used specially for measuring forced vital capacity without using water and has broad measurements ranging from 1000 ml to 7000 ml. It is more portable and lighter as compared to traditional water-tank type spirometer.

22. Peak Flow Meter: also called peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is a person's maximum speed of expiration, as measured with a peak flow meter, a small, hand-held device used to monitor a person's ability to breathe out air. It measures the airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of obstruction in the airways. ,
For video;

23. Incentive spirometer: is a medical device used to help patients improve the functioning of their lungs.It is provided to patients who have had any surgery that might jeopardize respiratory function, particularly surgery to the lungs themselves but also commonly to patients recovering from cardiac or other surgery involving extended time under anesthesia and prolonged in-bed recovery. The incentive spirometer is also issued to patients recovering from rib damage to help minimize the chance of fluid build-up in the lungs. It can be used as well by wind instrument players, who want to improve their air flow.
For video;

24. Pneumotachometer:This spirometer measures the flow rate of gases by detecting pressure differences across the fine mesh. One advantage of this spirometer is that the subject under investigation can breathe in fresh air during the experiment.

25. Whole body plethysmography: This type of spirometer gives a more accurate measurement for the components of lung volumes as compared to other conventional spirometers. A person is enclosed in a small space when the measurement is taken.
For Video;

26. Fully electronic spirometer:Electronic spirometers have been developed that compute airflow rates in a channel without the need for fine meshes or moving parts. They operate by measuring the speed of the airflow with techniques such as ultrasonic transducers, or by measuring pressure difference in the channel. These spirometers have greater accuracy .They also allow improved hygiene between patients by allowing fully disposable air flow channels.

27. Tilt-compensated spirometer: also known as the AME Spirometer
Tilt-compensated spirometer: also known as the AME Spirometer. This new spirometer can be held horizontally while taking measurements but should the patient lean too far forward or backwards the spirometer's 3D-tilt sensing compensates and indicates the patient position.
USB PC-Based Spirometer

28. References;
 Maton, Anthea; Jean, Hopkins Susan, Johnson Charles William, McLaughlin Maryanna Quon Warner David, LaHart Wright, Jill (2010). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. pp. 108–118
 Roberts, Fred (2000). "Respiratory Physiology”Anaesthesia (12)
“Lung Volume”,2003
“Respiration&Volume”,2011
/volumes.htm

29. Kannel, WB, Lew, EA, Hubert, HB, et al The value of measuring vital capacity for prognostic purposes. Trans Assoc Life Insur Med Dir Am 1980; 64, 66-83
Gandevia, B Dr. John Hutchinson: “The inventor of the Spirometer.”Aust Fam Physician 1981; 10,
Biomedical Sciences: Essential Laboratory Medicine,”Lung Diease”page 76-78
“Pulmonary function tests”,2013
"How to use an incentive spirometer ”The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Retrieved ,
The Medical Equipment Dictionary,
Dr. Malcolm Brown,Pneumotachograph
“AME Spirometer”