1. The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity Chapter 19.1-19.8

2. Ancestral chordate Brain Head Vertebral column Jaws Lungs or lung derivatives Lobed fins Legs Amniotic egg Milk Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Lobe-fins Ray-finned fishes Sharks, rays Lampreys Hagfishes Lancelets Tunicates Chordates Craniates Vertebrates Jawed vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes

3. Chordates Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord Pharyngeal slits Post-anal tail

4. The Developmental Path 1.Craniates – chrodates with a head, brain, and dorsal nerve cord 2.Vertebrates – enclosure of the nerve cord and a skull enclosing the brain 3.Tetrapods – jawed vertebrates with 2 paired limbed 4.Amniotes – egg with shell

5. Slime glands

7. 1. Class Chondrichthyes includes sharks and rays – skeleton of cartilage 2. Ray-finned fishes -gills– skeleton of bone, swim bladder 3. Lobe-finned fishes have muscular fins supported by stout bones (could walk under water) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 19.3 Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins

8. Gill openings

9. Gills Bony skeleton Dorsal fin Anal fin Swim bladder Pelvic fin Heart Pectoral fin Operculum Rainbow trout, a ray-fin

11. – Amphibians were the first tetrapods able to move on land –Most amphibians have tadpole larvae – This group includes frogs, salamanders, and caecilians – Found in damp habitats – Respiration through skin and lungs – Lay soft shelled eggs in water – Toads – live terrestrially – First vertebrates to colonize land but near water 19.5 Amphibians Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. – Reptiles (including birds) and mammals are amniotes –amniotic egg with an amnion – Amniotic reptiles include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds –Scales with keratin –ectothermic, but regulate their temperature by basking or seeking shade 19.6 Reptiles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. – Birds evolved from a lineage of small, two-legged dinosaurs called theropods – Adapted for flight – no teeth;hollow shafts for feathers; honeycombed one structure – Endothermic – maintain internal body temperature – Excellent vision – Amniotic eggs 19.7 Birds Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Wing claw (like dinosaur) Feathers Teeth (like dinosaur) Long tail with many vertebrae (like dinosaur)

22. – Birds have relatively large brains and display complex behaviors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 19.7 Birds

23.  endothermic  hair, which insulates their bodies  mammary glands, which produce milk  larger relative brain size than other vertebrates  a relatively long period of parental care 19.8 Mammals Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. – Monotremes are egg-laying mammals –Living monotremes include the duck-billed platypus – Marsupials - are nurtured by a placenta within the uterus and complete development in marsupium Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 19.8 Mammal Diversity

27. Eutherians bear fully developed live young  placental mammal – complete entire development in amniotic sac attached to the placenta (attached to uterine wall) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 19.8 Mammals

29.  Many primate characters are arboreal adaptations –Shoulder and hip joints allow climbing and brachiation –Grasping hands and feet are highly mobile and flexible –Sensitive hands and feet aid in manipulation –A short snout and forward-pointing eyes enhance depth perception 19.9 Primates Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.