1. The Skeletal System: Appendicular
LABORATORY FOUR
The Skeletal System:
Appendicular 1

2. Laboratory Practicum I
Next week, same time, same place
The first lab exam will include lab 1-4 but not with equal weight. Less than 25% of the test questions will come from lab 1; more than 50% of the questions will come from labs 3 & 4, about 25% from lab 2
Set down all your belongings on the side bench
No hat, electronic device, sunglasses
Use pencil (+ eraser) and print your answers clearly – Your writing has to be legible
100 points for 100 questions (+ extra-credit points)
Could use abbreviation key
Spelling counts – could lose up to 0.5 point for misspelling
Singular vs plural – ok
Move through the test in numerical orders, 2min/station (do not move until I tell you)
Only at the end, you will have time to re-visit some stations
Make indications on the questions you need to go back to – put a line next to the answer you don’t know
There will be 3-4 questions per station (check the practice practicum on the side-bench)
Everything in your lab handouts is testable
Can not position the bones on your body during the exam 2

3. The Skeletal System Two subdivisions Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton (in pairs – extra credit)
Appendages & the bony girdle to which they attach to axial skeleton 3

4. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle & Upper Limb
Pectoral girdle – scapula (shoulder blade) & clavicle (collarbone)
Humerus (arm)
Ulna & Radius (forearm)
8 Carpals (wrist)
5 Metacarpals (palm)
14 Phalanges (digits) 4

5. Pectoral Girdle (Scapula & Clavicle)
Coracoid process (crow’s beak) provides attachment to arm and chest muscles.
Glenoid cavity: articulates with the head of humerus
Proximal end is to the point of body attachment
Scapula: flat bone
Calvicle: long bone – inferior surface lumpy, the flat surface is the lateral (acromial) end
Lateral (acromial) 5
Medial (sternal)

6. Humerus Humerus head attaches to scapula at the glenoid cavity
deltoid tuberosity: attachment site for deltoid muscle – on the anterior side
Greater and lesser tubercles are both on the anterior side
Capitulum (little head): articulates with the radius head 6

7. Ulna is Medial to Radius
(trochlear notch)
(trochlear notch)
Wheel-like head
Ulna is on the medial end and radius is on the lateral end
Olecranon process can be felt as the point of elbow
The ulnar head can be seen as a prominent lump on the posterior ulnar side of the wrist
Radial tuberosity is where one of the arm muscles, the biceps brachii, attaches.
Radius rotates around radial notch of ulna…Only primates can do this move…Not dogs or cats
Radius: wheel head
Styloid process: needle like 7

8. Wrist & Hand Phalanx (one digit of finger) – proximal phalanx I
Compare your thumb with your index finger – how many bones each have?
Metacarpals (palm of hand) – metacarpal I
Collectively short bones of wrist are called carpals. 8

9. Bones of Pelvic Girdle & Lower Limb
Pelvic girdle – ossa coxae
Femur (thigh)
Tibia & Fibula (leg)
7 Tarsals (ankle)
5 Metatarsals (sole)
14 Phalanges (digits)
The pelvis includes the pelvic girdle and coccyx 9

10. Pelvis Pelvic girdle is composed of the two ossa coxae
Sacrum is part of axial skeleton 10

11. Os Coxa (fused from 3 bones)
How to distinguish between right and left os coxa?
Elton John glasses
Os coxa is formed by 3 separate bones (Ilium, Ischium, pubis) fused by age 3yrs…Center of acetabulum is where all thee bones fuse with each other…learning these three bones helps you locate other assigned structures
Rough part is where sacrum attaches 11

12. Female vs Male Pelvis
Lighter bone density in female (see-through against the light)
More spacious in female
Wider subpubic angle in female
Coccyx in female is less curved
Female: Mickey Mouse
Male: Rat 12

13. Fovea capitis
Femur & Patella
The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the oss coxa thru ligaments that bond to fovea capitis
Anterior side of femur is soft…the posterior side is rough and bumpy
The trochanters are points of muscle attachment
Hip replacement: either the head of the femur, or head + neck, or sometimes the acetabulum as well
How to tell right vs left patella: Patella always lays down laterally 13

14. Tibia is Medial to Fibula
The tibia is larger than fibula and is the major weight bearing bone of the leg, tibia is more medial than fibula
The fibula does not articulate with the femur, but its head is attached to the proximal end of the tibia.
Fibula is a support bone mostly, often gets broken by first time skiers
Medial malleolus (little hammer): inside ankle bump
Lateral malleolus: outside ankle bump
Tibia’s anterior surface:
has a sharp edge
has tibial tuberosity (a bump that always runs into coffee table)
Fibula: on the distal portion, an arrowhead comes to a point (lateral malleolus). Lateral malleolus is always pointing downward or toward the table if laid down on the table. 14

15. Right Foot Proximal phalanx I Proximal metatarsal I
Tarsal (ankle bone) – collectively all 7 short bones in the ankles are called tarsal bones
Tibia will articulate with the biggest ankle bone - weight bearing 15

16. Knee Joint Femur: # 1 Tibia: #3 Fibula: No number – Skinny bone
Medial Collateral Ligament - #6
Lateral Collateral Ligament - #7
Patellar Ligament: #4
Anterior cruciate ligament: #8
Posterior cruciate ligament: # 9 look in the posterior end, the more inferior ligament
Medial Meniscus: #5
Lateral Meniscus: #13 - In line with medial meniscus on the fibular side
4/26/2017