1. Chapter 3 Measures of Central Tendency Three statistics: Mode, Median, Mean Mode median, and mean are three different statistics. They report three different kinds of information and will have the same value only in certain specific situations.

2. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 2 Mode  The most common score.  Can be used with variables at all three levels of measurement.  Most often used with nominal level variables.

3. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 3 Finding the Mode 1.Count the number of times each score occurred. 2.The score that occurs most often is the mode. If the variable is presented in a frequency distribution, the mode is the largest category. If the variable is presented in a line chart, the mode is the highest peak.

4. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 4 Finding the Mode “People should live together before marriage.” Freq.% Agree 864 58.98 Neutral 227 15.49 Disagree 374 25.53 1165100.00

5. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 5 Median  The score of the middle case.  Can be used with variables measured at the ordinal or interval-ratio levels.  Cannot be used for nominal-level variables.

6. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 6 Finding the Median 1.Array the cases from high to low. 2.Locate the middle case. If N is odd: the median is the score of the middle case. If N is even: the median is the average of the scores of the two middle cases.

7. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 7 Finding the Median Robbery Rate for 7 Cities Atlanta1037.8 Chicago668.0 Dallas582.8 San Francisco444.9 Los Angeles420.2 Boston416.0 New York406.6

8. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 8 Finding the Median  How would the median change if we added an 8th case? San Diego had a robbery rate of 145.3.  There are now two middle cases, so the median is the average of the scores of the two middle cases: (444.9 + 420.2)/2 = 432.55

9. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 9 Mean  The average score.  Requires variables measured at the interval-ratio level but is often used with ordinal-level variables.  Cannot be used for nominal-level variables.

10. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 10 Finding the Mean  The mean or arithmetic average, is by far the most commonly used measure of central tendency.  The mean reports the average score of a distribution.  The calculation is straightforward: add the scores and then divide by the number of scores (N ).

11. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 11 Finding the Mean Robbery Rate for 7 Cities Atlanta1037.8 Chicago668.0 Dallas582.8 San Francisco444.9 Los Angeles420.2 Boston416.0 New York406.6 Total4121.6

12. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 12 Characteristics of the Mean  All scores cancel out around the mean.  The mean is the point of minimized variation.  The mean uses all the scores.

13. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 13 Every Score in the Distribution Affects the Mean  Strength - The mean uses all the available information from the variable.  Weaknesses The mean is affected by every score. If there are some very high or low scores, the mean may be misleading.

14. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 14 Means, Medians, and Skew  When a distribution has a few very high or low scores, the mean will be pulled in the direction of the extreme scores. For a positive skew, the mean will be greater than the median. For a negative skew, the mean will be less than the median.

15. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 15 Means, Medians, and Skew  When an interval-ratio variable has a pronounced skew, the median may be the more trustworthy measure of central tendency.

16. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 16 Use Mode When: 1.Variables are measured at the nominal level. 2.You want a quick and easy measure for ordinal and interval-ratio variables. 3.You want to report the most common score.

17. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 17 Use Median When: 1.Variables are measured at the ordinal level. 2.Variables measured at the interval- ratio level have highly skewed distributions. 3.You want to report the central score. The median always lies at the exact center of a distribution.

18. handout week 2 course Renske Doorenspleet 18 Use Mean When: 1.Variables are measured at the interval-ratio level (except for highly skewed distributions). 2.You want to report the typical score. The mean is “the fulcrum that exactly balances all of the scores.” 3.You anticipate additional statistical analysis.