1. Kidney Stones

3. Kidney Stones Renal calculi 2 out of every 1000 12% of Americans
3X more than women
Sedentary

4. Types of Stones Calcium stones Oxalate stones 80% Sand or gravel
Staghorn
Hypercalciuria
Oxalate stones
2nd most frequent

5. Types of Stones Struvite stones Uric acid stones Cause is bacteria
Difficult to eliminate
Uric acid stones
Hyperuricuria

6. Causes of Kidney Stones
Factors that affect normal balance of urine
Decreased fluid intake (dehydration)
Urinary stasis
Crystals precipitate more readily
Urinary tract obstruction
Immobilization

7. Symptoms Sudden constant pain Nausea and vomiting
Renal colic
attack of acute abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Blood in the urine (hematuria)
Frequent and painful urination
fever

8. Symptoms Loss of appetite Diarrhea or constipation
Profuse sweating (diaphoresis)
General tiredness

9. Controllable Risk Factors
Fluid intake
Prevent dehydration
Water!!
Dietary factors
Excessive vitamin C or vitamin D
Activity level
Medications

10. Risk Factors Not Controlled
Age and gender
Medical history
Family and personal history
Other diseases or conditions
Medications which MUST be used

11. Risk Factors for Recurrent Stones
High levels of minerals
Low urine output
Urinary tract infection
Abnormal pH
Either very low or very high

12. Exams and Tests History and physical exam Urinalysis and urine culture
Ultrasound
KUB
IVP (intravenous pyelogram)
CT scan

13. Break Up or Remove Stone
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
ESWL
Litho refers to stone
Tripsy refers to crushing
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy or lithotripsy
Ureteroscopy
Ureteral stent may be placed

14. Prevention
Increased fluid intake
Changes in diet
Medications