1. WHAT ARE “HOT SPOTS”? WHY ARE THE LOCATIONS OF SOME VOLCANOES NOT ASSOCIATED WITH TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIES ?

2. 03.03.a1

4. HOT SPOT Example : Hawaiian Islands.

5. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS East Pacific Rise Nazca Plate Pacific Plate Eurasian Plate Pacific OceanAsiaSea of Japan Japanese Islands

6. 05.08.a1

7. 05.08.a3

8. 05.08.a4

9. Eric Hand Science 2015;349:1032-1033 Published by AAAS

10. Hot spots Researchers have identified 28 plumes in the mantle—and nearly all of them correspond with volcanic regions called hot spots. Eric Hand Science 2015;349:1032-1033 Published by AAAS N S 2. Yellowstone 1. Hawaiian Islands 3. Tristan da Cunha

11. French et al., 2013. Science 341, p.1049. N S

12. Influence of the crust on the style of volcanism. Nikolai M. Shapiro, and Ivan Koulakov Science 2015;348:758-759 Published by AAAS

13. Core/Mantle Boundary Plate Motion Crust Mantle or Upper Mantle/Lower Mantle

14. Plate Motion

58. Internal Forces Exceed External Forces Internal Forces Plate Motion

59. Internal Forces Exceed External Forces Internal Forces Plate Motion Increased Time Since Connection to Internal Energy

60. Internal Forces Exceed External Forces Internal Forces Plate Motion Increased Time for Erosion by External Forces.

61. Internal Forces Exceed External Forces Internal Forces Plate Motion Older Volcanic Material. More Eroded Islands.

62. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

63. AGES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IN HAWAIIAN CHAIN. All Ages in millions of years.

64. AGES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IN HAWAIIAN CHAIN. 0.01 0.004 Loihi All Ages in millions of years. Youngest

65. AGES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IN HAWAIIAN CHAIN. 0.43 0.38 0.15 0.01 0.004 Loihi All Ages in millions of years. Youngest

66. AGES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IN HAWAIIAN CHAIN. 0.43 0.8 0.38 0.15 0.01 0.004 Loihi All Ages in millions of years. Youngest

67. AGES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IN HAWAIIAN CHAIN. 0.43 1.9 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.38 0.15 0.01 0.004 Loihi All Ages in millions of years. Youngest

68. AGES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IN HAWAIIAN CHAIN. 0.43 2.6 1.9 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.38 0.15 0.01 0.004 Loihi All Ages in millions of years. Youngest

69. AGES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IN HAWAIIAN CHAIN. 0.43 3.7 2.6 1.9 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.38 0.15 0.01 0.004 Loihi All Ages in millions of years. Youngest

70. AGES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IN HAWAIIAN CHAIN. 0.43 5.1 3.7 2.6 1.9 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.38 0.15 0.01 0.004 Loihi All Ages in millions of years. 4.9 Youngest Oldest

71. YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK Super Volcano Caldera 640,000yr Snake River Plain

72. Fig. 4 Schematic model for the Yellowstone crust–upper mantle magmatic system. Hsin-Hua Huang et al. Science 2015;348:773-776 Published by AAAS

73. Influence of the crust on the style of volcanism. Nikolai M. Shapiro, and Ivan Koulakov Science 2015;348:758-759 Published by AAAS

75. TRISTAN DA CUNHA

76. 03.03.b1

79. Cooling, Contracting and Eroding Cooling, Contracting and Eroding

80. 03.03.b1

87. 03.08.c2 Tristan da Cunha Motion of African Plate Walvis Ridge