1. By Nehal, Sarah, Hasnae, and Ashley
The Era of Muhammad Ali
By Nehal, Sarah, Hasnae, and Ashley

2. Background Born in 1769 in an Ottoman port called Kavala
His father and grandfather were military leaders
Moved to power through military achievement
Known as the “Father of Modern Egypt”

3. Family He married the governor's daughter, Khadra
Then he married Amina who gave birth to Ibrahim, Tussun, and Ismail
He fathered seventeen sons and thirteen daughters

4. Muhammad Ali’s Family Tree

5. Political Personality
Fun and lively person
Piercing eyes
Smart and fair with experience

6. Reforming Egypt Main goal: a European-style Egypt
Nationalized all land so he owned all the production of land
Raised taxes on the people who previously owned all the land
Monopoly on trade in Egypt
Established a modern navy

7. Agricultural Reforms
1813: sharing of common land (changed the state of the fellaheen in Egypt)
Took hold of the lands from the Mamelukes
Improved the irrigations systems
Cultivation of cotton in Delta starting 1822

8. Educational Reforms Educational system was founded in 1811
Took effort to educate all people in his country, especially girls
Established many schools particularly in rural areas
Offered scholarships for students to go study outside of Egypt

9. Military Reforms Conscripted peasants to work in the army
Invited Turks into the country to lead his army
Created Western-styled schools to train doctors, engineers, and veterinarians to supply services for his army
Sent soldiers to European countries for training in modern techniques

10. Politics Muhammad Ali was the viceroy/ pasha of Egypt from 1805-1848
He wanted to eliminate the mameluks
He wanted to create an independent Egypt politically and economically

11. Political Reforms Muhammad Ali desired a professional bureaucracy
1811, exterminated the leader of the mameluks
He reorganized the administrative structure of the government
Worked to modernize Egypt

12. Social Structure
Religious leaders acted as intermediaries/ buffers between the public and administration
Intermediaries would take money or authority for services
In times of crisis, intermediaries would usurp the central gov’t

13. Social Structure Guilds had tax-collecting elders
Village shaikh was power booker, money lender, and landlord

14. Social Reforms Confiscated feudal farms of mameluks
1808, he started confiscating private lands of individuals and gave them pensions
Reform programs were aimed at creating a modern Egyptian society

15. Mameluks’ Tombs

16. Economy
Surplus from agriculture was distributed to: fallah, village sheikh, mameluks, and central treasury.
System benefited large number of people, but was wasteful and the treasury used the money unproductively 16

17. Agricultural Surplus
Mameluks
Central treasury
Village Sheikh
Fallah

18. Economic Reforms
By reorganizing the administrative structure of the government, Muhammad Ali guaranteed strict control of the economy
Created state monopolies over chief products
Encouraged overland transit of goods from Europe to India via Egypt

19. Industrial Reforms
He tried constructing a modern industrial system to process raw materials.
Created factories
Created a cotton industry

20. Industrial Reforms
Started building a new canal, called Mahmudiya, in 1819
This made travel safer and trading more efficient

21. Failures of Reforms
Muhammad Ali was unable to sever ties with Ottoman Sultanate
Industrial experiments failed, due to Egypt’s lack of power sources and a skilled working class
Agricultural sector declined due to excessive taxation and monopoly on trade
Financial requirements increased because of military campaigns

22. The Successors’ Reforms
Abbas I, Ibrahim’s nephew, takes the throne
Reforms:
Put an end to commercial monopolies
Railway from Alexandria to Cairo begun

23. Muhammad Ali’s Successors
Sa’id, son of Mohammad Ali, takes over Egypt
Reforms and death:
Tried to put an end to slave raiding (failed)
1858, land law securing fellahin an acknowledgement of freehold as against the crown
1854, created Bank of Egypt
January 1863, Sa’id Pasha died

24. Muhammad Ali’s Successors
Reforms of Ismail The Magnificent:
Re-established/ improved Muhammad Ali’s administrative system
Remodeled customs system
Reorganized military schools
1865
Established Egyptian post office
1869
Opened Suez Canal

25. Wars and Foreign Affairs

26. Egyptian Revolution (1803-1805)
Egyptian Revolution ( ) - Political violence had hit Egypt, leading to the rise of Muhammed Ali as Pasha of Egypt.

27. Wahabi War ( )
Muhammed Ali lead a war against the Wahabi Muslim sect in Arabia.
The Wahabis were trying to capture Muslim Holy place like Mecca and Medina.
The Egyptians regained their territory and settled in the name of Ottoman Empire.

28. Egyptian Conquest of the Sudan (1820-1839)
Led my Muhammed’s son, Hussein, conquered Sudan.
This gave control over the Red Sea, as well as the Nile.
This was their most successful attempt on expanding

29. Greek War of Independence (1821-1832)
Egypt aided the Ottoman Turks when fighting the Greeks.
Muhammed’s son, Ibrahim, lead the Egyptian troops in Greece.
But the British, French and Russians came in to help out Greece.

30. Greek War of Independence (1821-1832)
The war ended, at the Battle of Navarino, in the defeat of both the Ottoman Turks and Egyptians.
This directly caused in their new war between the Ottomans and Egyptians.

31. First Turko-Egyptian War (1832-1833)
Muhammed was hoping to receive Syria as a token of thanks from the Ottomans
After not receiving an reward for helping out the Turks during the war, resulted in the First Turko – Egyptian War.

32. First Turko-Egyptian War (1832-1833)
Ali invaded several major cities in the region, as well at Constantinople. (Ottoman Capital)
Russia came intervened the war and in order to restore peace, Egypt was awarded with Syria

33. Second Turko-Egyptian War (1839-1841)
Egypt declared itself as a independent nation from Ottoman rule
They even beat the forces that were sent by the Ottoman rulers to stop the uproar.
Britain eventually came and brought Egypt back to Ottoman rule.

34. International Relations
Relations between Sudan and Egypt were never great, especially during Ali’s conquest of Sudan.
His view on Sudan was a place with a great deal of resources that they could take advantage of.
Such as gold, territory and slaves

35. International Relations
During the Greek Independence War, Egypt stepped in to help out the Ottomans.
Allies of Greece, Britain, France and Russia intervened to come to defeat the Turko/Egyptian fleet.
This cost the Pasha his whole navy as well as no new addition to territory

36. International Relations
Being under the Ottoman rule always something that kept the Pasha on his toes
Clearly, Egypt wanted to be their own independent nation resulting in two Turko – Egyptian wars
Britain stepped in to restore everything to Ottoman Rule.

37. Main Achievements in his Era
Weakening the tie bonding Egypt to Turkey
Starting the cotton industry
Recognizing the advantages of European Science
the conquest of Sudan.

38. Successors

39. Ibrahim September 1848 – 10 November 1848
Born 1789, Macedonia (Greece)
Died November 10, 1848, Cairo
Eldest son of Muhammed Ali. However is considered adopted.

40. Ibrahim 1805 - Governor of Cairo
Commanded an army against the wahhabite rebels
His father sent him to Sudan for a mission
– Led an Egyptian army through Palestine, and defeated an Ottoman army.

41. Ibrahim December 21, 1832 - Gained a final victory at Konya
May 4, 1833 – He became governor-general Syria and Andana
June 24, 1839 – Last and greatest victory

42. Abbas I 10 November 1848 – 13 July 1854 Born 1813, Jeddah, Hejaz
Died July 13, 1884, Egypt
Ibrahim’s nephew
Selfish, secretive, cruel

43. Abbas I
Served in administrative and military positions, and military commander in Syria
Reduced the arm forces, opposed the construction of the Suez canal.
Roads were improved, and let the british construct the Alexandria-Cairo railway.
1853 – he sent a force to help the ottomans in the Crimean War
Helped the poor class

44. Sa’id I 13 July 1854 – 18 January 1863 Born 1822, Cairo
Died January 18, 1863, Alexandria
Muhammed Ali’s fourth son

45. Sa’id I 1854 – Succeeded viceroy of Egypt, against Abbas
1855 – passed a law; male descendents of a peasant to inherit his land
1856 – one of his greatest acts; construction of the Suez canal by a French company
1858 – passed another law; limiting land inheritance to Muslims
1861 – established a commission to work out a municipal code for Egypt cities
Unsuccessfully attempted to end slave trade

46. Ismail I 18 January 1863 – June 1879 Born December 31, 1830, Cairo
Died March 2, 1895, Istanbul
Ibrahim’s son

47. Ismail I Studied in Paris Undertook diplomatic missions in Europe
1867 – obtained the title of Khedive, from the Ottoman Sultan
Negotiated the completion of the Suez Canal
Hope to bring Sudan under Egyptian control