1. Fundamentals of Pricing NEN Advanced Course: Getting to Market- Commercializing your Idea

2. Where to Begin? Define the range of acceptable prices for the product/service Identify minimum and maximum price that can be charged by the firm

3. Price Ceiling Maximum price is determined by customer value and sensitivity to pricing: – Reference value: cost to the customer of the next best alternative – Differentiation value: value to the customer of differences between the firm’s product and the next best alternative This value is not always positive – the maximum price may be lesser than the alternative

4. Price Floor Determined by variable costs of producing the product Often the price ceiling and price floor are wide apart

5. Sensitivity to Pricing Product category factors – sensitivity is lower in low cost product categories Who pays? Price/ Quality Relationships Competitive factors: a) Sensitivity is higher When significant differences between alternate products are not perceived Due to presence of more knowledge about alternate products b) Sensitivity is dampened when products or prices are not easily comparable

6. Narrowing the Range of Prices Two more set of factors determine the appropriate price: 1.Risk and Uncertainty 2.Reference prices – competitor’s price, current or last paid price, perceived fair price (cost + margin), what others are paying, expected price

7. Narrowing the Range of Prices Other Internal factors: 1.Is the price consistent with the – Product’s positioning – Prices of other relevant products in the portfolio – Firm’s desired image? 2.Does the firm have enough capacity to satisfy customer demand at proposed price? 3.How will the target segment feel about the proposed price?

8. Prof. S.Garimella, IMI, New Delhi Break-Even Chart

9. Assessing a Product’s Value to Customers Judgments based on an understanding of the buyer’s cost structure True Economic Value (TEV) = Cost of the Alternative + Value of Performance Differential Customer Surveys

10. Customizing Price to Value Delivered Product line sorting Controlled availability Price based on buyer characteristics Price based on transaction characteristics

11. Integrating Price with other Mix Elements A key to effective pricing is to have pricing’s value extraction “in synch’ with the value creation process of the other elements in the Marketing Mix Marketing Effort/spend matrix: No Unit Sales Feasible No unit Contribution High Low Low High Price

12. Pricing Mistakes Determine costs and take traditional industry margins Failure to revise price to capitalize on market changes Setting price independently of the rest of the marketing mix Failure to vary price by product item, market segment, distribution channels, and purchase occasion

13. Price Cues “Left to right” pricing (Rs.299 versus Rs.300) Odd number discount perceptions Even number value perceptions Ending prices with 0 or 5 “Sale” written next to price

14. Steps in Setting Price Select the price objective Determine demand Estimate costs Analyze competitor price mix Select pricing method Select final price

15. Step 1: Selecting the Pricing Objective Survival Maximum current profit Maximum market share Maximum market skimming Product-quality leadership

16. Price Sensitivity Step 2: Determining Demand Estimating Demand Curves Price Elasticity of Demand

17. Inelastic and Elastic Demand

18. Step 3: Estimating Costs Types of Costs Target Costing Accumulated Production Activity-Based Cost Accounting

19. Cost Terms and Production Fixed costs Variable costs Total costs Average cost Cost at different levels of production

20. Step 4: Compare and react to Competitor’s Pricing

21. Prof. S.Garimella, IMI, New Delhi Step 5: Selecting a Pricing Method Markup pricing Target-return pricing Perceived-value pricing Value pricing Going-rate pricing Auction-type pricing

22. Pricing Strategies

23. Prof. S.Garimella, IMI, New Delhi Step 6: Selecting the Final Price Impact of other marketing activities Company pricing policies Gain-and-risk sharing pricing Impact of price on other parties

24. References Fundamentals of Pricing, Darden Business Publishing, University of Virginia Chapter 26, Pricing: A Value- based Approach, Marketing Management, Text and Cases, Rajiv Lal, John Quelch and Kasturi Rangan, Tata McGraw Hill Publication