1. PERIODMEAN MULT. CHOICE MEDIAN MULT. CHOICE RANGE MULT. CHOICE ESSAYS:MEAN OVERALLMEDIAN OVERALL RANGE OVERALL 2 75.1 82.5 (66) 37.5 -100 1- 3 1.5- 3 6 2- 7 2.5- 3 10 3- 2 6 5.5- 1 4/5- 3 74 <50: 3 51-64: 6 65-69: 2 70-79: 3 80-89: 7 90-100: 6 5 77.1 80 (64) 45- 97.5 1- 1 1.5- 1 2 2- 9 2.5- 7 16 3- 7 8 5.5- 0 4/5- 1 76 <50: 0 51-64: 5 65-69: 7 70-79: 4 80-89: 6 90-100: 6 6 82.1 90 (72) 42.5 - 100 1- 2 1.5- 1 3 2- 5 2.5- 5 10 3- 5 6 5.5- 1 4/5- 3 80 <50: 1 51-64: 2 65-69: 2 70-79: 3 80-89: 6 90-100: 8 8 8590 (72) 32.5 -100 1- 2 1.5- 2 4 2- 6 2.5- 9 15 3- 4 10 5.5- 2 4/5- 4 83 <50: 0 51-64: 3 65-69: 0 70-79: 3 80-89: 13 90-100: 10 9 8081.2 (65) 32.5 -100 1- 3 1.5- 3 6 2- 7 2.5- 10 17 3- 4 6 5.5- 1 4/5- 1 78 <50: 1 51-64: 3 65-69: 5 70-79: 6 80-89: 10 90-100: 5

2. Review Books: $11.55 – On-line via credit card – Cash or check to me – Please have in by February 11 (Wednesday)

3. (UNIT 6– GILDED AGE) What can workers do?

4. Homestead Steel Strike- VIDEO June 30, 1892- July 6, 1892 Homestead, PA (outside of Pittsburg) – “LABOR”- Amalgamated Association of iron and Steel workers – VERSUS – “MANAGEMENT”- Carnegie Steel Company

5. NOTEBOOK/ SCRAP PAPER: What are the two opposing viewpoints in the conflict? LABORMANAGEMENT Who “wins” the conflict? (explain) What role does the government play?

6. Homestead Strike- (Friday’s video) What are the two opposing viewpoints in the conflict? LABORMANAGEMENT Who “wins” the conflict? (explain) What role does the government play?

7. Outcome of Homestead strike… Pinkertons attacked after surrendering: “As the Pinkertons were marched through town to the Opera House (which served as a temporary jail), the townspeople continued to assault the agents. Two agents were beaten as horrified town officials looked on. The press expressed shock at the treatment of the Pinkerton agents, and the torrent of abuse helped turn media sympathies away from the strikers” Militia (National Guard) sides with owners – (union welcomes militia, pledge cooperation… – 4000 Militia surrounds plant, displaces the strikers) Strikebreakers (“scabs”) brought in, protected by militia- – bunkhouses, etc., built on grounds by Frick – Many black (race war breaks out on July 22) Furnaces relit on July 15- 6 picketers bayoneted by militia when they try to stop it. (July 23- anarchist tries to assassinate Frick- shot and stabbed in office) – Leads to loss of public support By August, Eastern European workers have plant going at full capacity… Union votes to go back to work on Carnegie’s terms Strike failed, union collapses (AA bankrupted by having to pay strikers) Steel can’t successfully organize until 1930s

8. Labor Unions Emerge: Working Conditions: – Six or seven days a week – 12+ hours – No benefits (vacation, sick time, unemployment, injury) Dangers: – injuries common; dangerous equipment – 675 deaths a week in ’82 Wages: – to survive, women and children often had to work child labor: – 20% of boys, 10% of girls work full time- no education sweatshops: – done in tenement houses; – women and children (27 cents for 14 hour day- children)

9. Union Types of workers it organized Tactics used (strikes, collective bargaining, arbitration) Goals- types of reforms sought Level of success? Knights of Labor ALL WORKERS (men, women, minorities, immigrants, skilled unskilled) Mostly arbitration- third party solves dispute 8-hour work day Equal pay for men and women Declines after failure of strikes American Federation of Labor (craft unions) Skilled workers LEADER: Samuel Gompers Collective bargaining- negotiation between labor and management Strikes used “bread and butter issues” Higher wages Shorter work weeks Quite successful American Railway Union (industrial union) All workers in a specific industry (railroad) Unskilled, semi- skilled, some skilled LEADER: Eugene V. Debs Strikes Higher wages Declines after failure of a strike

10. The Pullman Strike Chicago 1894

11. Pullman Palace Car Company Railway car company owned by George Pullman Over 6,000 workers Workers lived in “company town” Rent was 25% higher than other areas Interior of a Pullman Sleeper Car

12. Reasons for the Strike Historical Context: Depression of 1893 Pullman cut workers’ wages but didn’t cut rent for apartments On May 10, 1894, workers walked out of their factory

13. 13 ARU Supports Pullman Workers American Railway Union was a national union of railway workers Eugene Debs, ARU leader, decided to support Pullman strikers Across the nation, railway workers refused to run trains that had Pullman cars attached to them The country was paralyzed

14. Eugene Debs Eugene V. Debs, the rail union president at the time of the strike, later campaigned as the American Socialist presidential candidate

15. 15 President Grover Cleveland sends in troops

16. Violence Erupts Presence of federal troops set off riots Rioters burned buildings Troops killed 4 people and wounded 20

17. 17 End of Strike By August the strike fell apart 1000 union workers were fired New workers had to sign contracts promising not to join a union Debs was arrested and jailed for 6 months

18. MEDIA BIAS?.... Which paper sided with whom? Look for key words or phrases…. That present different sides of the story…

19. Is Eugene V. Debs and the railroad strikers of the 1894 Pullman Strike “heroes” or “villains”? (PLEASE HAVE YOUR TWO ARTICLES AND GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS OUT FROM YESTERDAY) REMINDERS: – $11.55 FOR REGENTS REVIEW BOOK DUE NEXT WEDNESDAY – HW TONIGHT: CARTOON ANALYSIS FOR IMMIGRATION CARTOON – DUE FRIDAY: UNIT 6 SUMMARY; 10 SIN CARDS – UNIT 6 TEST ON MONDAY

20. Instructions… 1894 Pullman Strike- Debs & strikers VS. Pullman Read the two accounts and fill in graphic organizer UNDERLINE KEY WORDS/ PHRASES that possibly show bias. After discussing as a group, be prepared to briefly present findings to class – Key words, phrases – Differences in the story being reported – Are either side presented as the “good guy” or “bad guy”?

21. 21 A: May 12 1894 strike begins at the Pullman factory…

22. 22 B: June 26-28 1894 (during the first week of the national railway boycott)

23. 23 C: July 7 1894 (federal troops had been in Chicago for 3 days)

24. 24 July 15 1894 (as strike coming to end) -July 10- Debs arrested for violating a court order (injunction) -out on bail

25. Was Debs/ ARU heroes or villains? Was the boycott against Pullman legitimate protest or dangerous criminality”? (250,000 workers walk off; violence ensues- 30 dead, $8 million dollars in damage) Was the government justified in arresting Debs to refuse a court injunction to cease the strike?

26. Pullman Strike Conditions that led to the strike: – Pullman lays off more than half of work force; cuts pay of rest – Still charges the same for rent Tactics used by both sides (labor and management): – Labor: strike called; Debs asks for arbitration; ARU boycotts Pullman trains; go after strikebreakers (scabs) – Management: hires scabs; refuses arbitration Role of the state and/ or federal government: – President Cleveland sends in federal troops to end strike – Courts issue an “injunction” (order) to halt the strike – Debs is arrested for refusing the injunction Outcome of the strike: – Pullman fires strikers – Strikers “blacklisted”- no RR company will hire them

27. The Pullman Strike How did Chicago newspapers cover the Pullman Strike? – Chicago Times VS. Chicago Tribune Whose “fault” was it? Who were the “good guys”/ “bad guys”?