1. Oxidation of alcohols [O] = oxidizing agent dichromate Cr 2 O 7 2- permanganateMnO 4 - oxidation = aldehyde 1 o alcohol carboxylic acid 1. binding O 2. removing H loss of e - density from C 1+ 2- 1+ 3+ 2- 1+ 1- 1+ 2- Cr 3+ PCC weak oxidizing agent 1 o alcohol  aldehyde

2. Alcohols oxidation of alcohols: [O] = Cr 2 O 7 2- or MnO 4 2- 1 o alcohols [O] aldehydecarboxylic acid [O] Cr 2 O 7 2- + +Cr 3+ [O] methanol formaldehyde [O] formic acid methanal methanoic acid

3. Alcohols oxidation of alcohols: [O] = Cr 2 O 7 2- or MnO 4 2- or PCC 2 o alcohols [O] ketoneno reaction [O]

4. Alcohols oxidation of alcohols: [O] = Cr 2 O 7 2- or MnO 4 2- or PCC 3 o alcohols [O] no reaction

5. Aldehydes and Ketones C=O carbonyl group aldehyde ketone C and O are sp 2 hybridized 120 o

6. Aldehydes and Ketones Nomenclature 1. Longest chain with C=O is parent 2. Suffix is “-al” or “-one” 3. C 1 is always C=O in aldehydes In ketones, C=O is given lowest number 4. C=O has precedence over -OH (called “hydroxy”)

7. 1 2 3 4 albutan2-bromo-3-methyl one 1 2 3 4 5 pentan 3- cyclobutanone 1 2 3 2-methyl 3-hydroxy- trans-

8. Physical properties -- ++ polar higher b.p. than alkanes H-bond acceptor soluble in polar solvents no H-bond donor lower b.p. than alcohols O.. C H H O C H H : + -

9. Reactions Reduction [R] = reducing agent LiAlH 4 NaBH 4 H 2 /Pt [R][R] [R][R] al one CH 3 - 1 2 34 butan CH 2 - CHOCH 2 - OH 1 2 34 butan2-