1. UNIX Internet Socket API
Network Programming
UNIX Internet Socket API

2. Everything in Unix is a File
When Unix programs do any sort of I/O, they do it by reading or writing to a file descriptor.
A file descriptor is simply an integer associated with an open file.
The file can be:
Network connection.
Pipes.
A real file on-the-disk.
Just about anything else.

3. Two Types of Network Sockets
Connection Oriented Sockets
Datagram Sockets

4. Connection Oriented Sockets
Stream sockets are reliable two-way connected communication streams, both FIFO and Error free.
The “Transmission Control Protocol", otherwise known as "TCP“.
TCP makes sure your data arrives sequentially and error-free.
Used by Applications/Protocols:
Telnet
HTTP
FTP

5. Datagram sockets
Connectionless? You don't have to maintain an open connection as you do with stream sockets. You just build a packet and send it out.
Whenever you send a datagram:
it may arrive.
It may arrive out of order or duplicate.
If it arrives, the data within the packet will be error-free.
The “User Datagram Protocol ", otherwise known as “UDP“.
What is it good for?
UDP uses a simple transmission model without implicit hand-shaking dialogues for guaranteeing reliability, ordering, or data integrity. Thus, UDP provides an unreliable service and datagrams may arrive out of order, appear duplicated, or go missing without notice. UDP assumes that error checking and correction is either not necessary or performed in the application, avoiding the overhead of such processing at the network interface level. Time-sensitive applications often use UDP because dropping packets is preferable to using delayed packets. If error correction facilities are needed at the network interface level.
UDP's stateless nature is also useful for servers that answer small queries from huge numbers of clients. Unlike TCP, UDP is compatible with packet broadcast (sending to all on local network) and multicasting (send to all subscribers).

6. Technical Stuff

7. struct sockaddr struct sockaddr { unsigned short sa_family;
char sa_data[14]; };
Address family in this presentation: AF_INET
Contains a destination address and port number for the socket. The port number is used by the kernel to match an incoming packet to a certain process's socket descriptor.

8. struct sockaddr_in struct sockaddr_in { };
short int sin_family;
unsigned short int sin_port;
struct in_addr sin_addr;
unsigned char sin_zero[8]; };
This structure makes it easy to reference elements of the socket address.
Note that sin_zero should be set to all zeros with the function memset().

9. struct sockaddr_in
A pointer to a struct sockaddr_in can be cast to a pointer to a struct sockaddr and vice- versa.
Also, notice that sin_family corresponds to sa_family in a struct sockaddr and should be set to "AF_INET".
Finally, the sin_port and sin_addr (unsigned long ) must be in Network Byte Order!
struct in_addr {
uint32_t s_addr; };

10. structs and Data Handling
A socket descriptor is just a regular int.
There are two byte orderings:
Most significant byte first a.k.a. "Network Byte Order".
Least significant byte first.
In order to convert "Host Byte Order“ to Network Byte Order, you have to call a function.

11. Big\Little Endian

12. Convert!
There are two types that you can convert: short and. These functions work for the unsigned variations as well.
htons() - "Host to Network Short"
htonl() - "Host to Network Long"
ntohs() - "Network to Host Short"
ntohl() - "Network to Host Long“
Be portable! Remember: put your bytes in Network Byte Order before you put them on the network.

13. IP Addresses
#include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> struct sockaddr_in my_addr; my_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; my_addr.sin_port = htons(3490); inet_aton(" ", &(my_addr.sin_addr)); memset(&(my_addr.sin_zero), '\0', 8); inet_aton(), unlike practically every other socket-related function, returns non-zero on success, and zero on failure.

14. Making the Connection

15. socket system call #include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int socket(int domain,
int type, int protocol);
domain - should be set to PF_INET.
type - SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM.
protocol - set to 0, Let the kernel choose the correct protocol based on the type.
socket() simply returns to you a file (i.e. socket) descriptor that you can use in later system calls, or -1 on error and sets errno to the error's value.

16. bind system call
Once you have a socket, you might have to associate that socket with a port on your local machine (address).
This is commonly done if you're going to listen() for incoming connections on a specific port.
int bind(int sockfd,
struct sockaddr *my_addr,
int addrlen);

17. bind system call cont. All ports below 1024 are reserved. HTTP 80
Telnet 23
You can have any available port number above that, right up to 65535
In order to use my IP address.
my_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
bind() also returns -1 on error and sets errno to the error's value.
In order to choose an unused port at random
my_addr.sin_port = htons(0);
Htons = host to network order. (for two different system) -
most-significant byte first,- big-endian
increasing numeric significance with increasing memory addresses or increasing time, known as little-endian,
For TCP/IP, if the port is specified as zero, the service provider assigns a unique port to the application with a value between 1024 and The application can use getsockname after calling bind to learn the address and the port that has been assigned to it. If the Internet address is equal to INADDR_ANY, getsockname cannot necessarily supply the address until the socket is connected,

18. bind system call cont. When we get - “Address already in use.”
We can wait, or we can add the following code:
int yes=1;
If (setsockopt (listener, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &yes,sizeof(int)) == - 1) {
perror("setsockopt");
exit(1); }

19. listen system call int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
Wait for incoming connections and handle them in some way. The process is two step: first you listen(), then you accept().
sockfd is the usual socket file descriptor from the socket() system call.
backlog is the number of connections allowed on the incoming queue.
As usual, listen() returns -1 and sets errno on error.

20. Stream Style

21. accept system call Scenario:
A client will try to connect() to your machine on a port that you are listen()ing on.
Their connection will be queued up waiting to be accept()ed.
You call accept() and you tell it to get the pending connection.
It’ll return to you a brand new socket file descriptor to use for this single connection!

22. accept system call cont.
int accept(int sockfd, void *addr, int *addrlen);
sockfd is the listen()ing socket descriptor.
addr will usually be a pointer to a local struct sockaddr_in. This is where the information about the incoming connection will go.
addrlen is a local integer variable that should be set to sizeof(struct sockaddr_in) before its address is passed to accept().
As usual, accept() returns -1 and sets errno on error.

23. connect system call
int connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *serv_addr, int addrlen);
sockfd is socket file descriptor.
serv_addr is a struct sockaddr containing the destination port and IP address.
addrlen can be set to sizeof(struct sockaddr).
Be sure to check the return value from connect()-it'll return -1 on error and set the variable errno.

24. Summary
if you're going to be listening for incoming connections, the sequence of system calls you'll make is:
socket();
bind();
listen();
accept();

25. send() system call
int send(int sockfd, const void *msg, int len, int flags); sockfd is the socket descriptor you want to send data to. msg is a pointer to the data you want to send. len is the length of that data in bytes. flags set to 0. send() returns the number of bytes actually sent out. - 1 is returned on error, and errno is set to the error number.

26. recv() system call
int recv(int sockfd, void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags);
sockfd is the socket descriptor to read from
buf is the buffer to read the information into.
len is the maximum length of the buffer,
flags can again be set to 0.
recv() returns the number of bytes actually read into the buffer, or -1 on error with errno set, accordingly.
recv() can return 0. This means the remote side has closed the connection.

27. Datagram Style

28. sendto() system call
int sendto(int sockfd, const void *msg, int len, unsigned int flags, const struct sockaddr *to, int tolen);
This call is basically the same as the call to send() with the addition of two other pieces of information.
to is a pointer to a struct sockaddr.
tolen can simply be set to sizeof(struct sockaddr).
Just like with send(), sendto() returns the number of bytes actually sent, or -1 on error.

29. recvfrom() system call
int recvfrom(int sockfd, void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags, struct sockaddr *from, int *fromlen);
This is just like recv() with the addition of a couple fields.
from is a pointer to a local struct sockaddr that will be filled with the IP address and port of the originating machine.
fromlen is a pointer to a local int that should be initialized to sizeof(struct sockaddr). When the function returns, fromlen will contain the length of the address actually stored in from.
recvfrom() returns the number of bytes received, or -1 on error with errno set accordingly.

30. close system call
close(sockfd); This will prevent any more reads and writes to the socket. Anyone attempting to read or write the socket on the remote end will receive an error.

31. Summary Stream Socket Server Side Client Side socket(); bind();
listen();
accept();
send()/recv()
Client Side
socket();
connect();
send()/recv()

32. Summary Datagram Socket
Talker side:
socket();
connect();//op
sendto();
Listener side:
socket();
bind();
recvfrom();
By using connect(), talker can send \ receive to \ from a specific address. For this purpose, you don't have to use sendto() and recvfrom() you can simply use send() and recv().

33. Blocking Vs. Non-Blocking

34. Blocking Synchronous
When you first create the socket descriptor with socket(), the kernel sets it to blocking. If you don't want a socket to be blocking, you have to make a call to fcntl(): #include <unistd.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <sys/socket.h> sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); fcntl(sockfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK); If you try to read from a non-blocking socket and there’s no data there, it’s not allowed to block - it will return -1 and errno will be set to EWOULDBLOCK

35. Blocking Vs. Non Blocking
If you put your program in a busy-wait looking for data on the socket, you’ll suck up CPU time. A more elegant solution for checking to see if there’s data waiting to be read comes in synchronous mechanism of select().

36. select() Synchronous I/O Multiplexing
select() gives you the power to monitor several sockets at the same time. It will tell you which ones are ready for reading, which are ready for writing, and which sockets have raised exceptions.
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int select(int numfds, fd_set *readfds,
fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds,
struct timeval *timeout);

37. select()
The parameter numfds should be set to the values of the highest file descriptor plus one.
In order to manipulate fd_set use the following macros:
FD_ZERO(fd_set *set)
//clears the set
FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set)
//adds fd to the set
FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set)
//removes fd from the set
FD_ISSET(int fd, fd_set *set)
//tests to see if fd is in the set.

38. select()
If the time specified in struct timeval is exceeded and select() still hasn't found any ready file descriptors, it'll return so you can continue processing.
struct timeval {
int tv_sec; //seconds
int tv_usec; //microseconds };
If you set the fields in your struct timeval to 0, select() will timeout immediately, effectively polling all the file descriptors in your sets.
If you set the parameter timeout to NULL, it will never timeout, and will wait until the first file descriptor is ready.

39. select()
if you don't care about waiting for a certain set, you can just set it to NULL in the call to select().
if you have a socket that you are listen()'ing to, you can check for a new connection by putting that socket’s file descriptor in the readfds set.
On success, select() returns the number ready descriptors contained in the descriptor sets, which may be zero if the timeout expires before anything interesting happens. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately;

40. Example
int main() { struct timeval tv; fd_set readfds; tv.tv_sec = 2; tv.tv_usec = ; FD_ZERO(&readfds); FD_SET(STDIN, &readfds); select(STDIN+1, &readfds, NULL, NULL, &tv); if (FD_ISSET(STDIN, &readfds)) printf("A key was pressed!\n"); else printf("Timed out.\n"); return 0; }

41. Address Related System Calls

42. getpeername
The function getpeername() will tell you who is at the other end of a connected stream socket. The synopsis:
int getpeername(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, int *addrlen);
sockfd is the descriptor of the connected stream socket.
addr is a pointer to a struct sockaddr that will hold the information about the other side of the connection,
addrlen is a pointer to an int, that should be initialized to sizeof(struct sockaddr).
The function returns -1 on error and sets errno accordingly.

43. Domain Name Service -gethostname
DNS is an acronym for Domain Name Service. This service maps human-readable address (a.k.a. host names) to IP addresses. This allows computers to be accessed remotely by name instead of number.
The function gethostname() returns the name of the computer that your program is running on. The name can then be used by gethostbyname() to determine the IP address of your local machine.
#include <unistd.h>
int gethostname(char *hostname,
size_t size);

44. Domain Name Service - gethostbyname
#include <netdb.h> struct hostent * gethostbyname(const char *name); returns a pointer to the filled struct hostent, or NULL on error.

45. struct hostent struct hostent {
char *h_name;//Official name of the host.
char **h_aliases;//Alternate names.
int h_addrtype;//usually AF_INET.
int h_length;//length of the address.
char **h_addr_list;
//network addresses for the host in N.B.O. };
#define h_addr h_addr_list[0]

46. Example
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct hostent *h; if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "usage: getip address\n"); exit(1); } if ((h=gethostbyname(argv[1])) == NULL) { herror("gethostbyname"); printf("Host name : %s\n", h->h_name); printf("IP Address : %s\n", inet_ntoa(*((struct in_addr *)h->h_addr))); return 0;

47. IPv6 - The next-generation
IPv4 is finished (all addresses given out)
Bigger address space (128 bit)
More security \ New features
Supported by all the new operating system but still not so widespread….