1. Sediments
Chapter 5

2. Sediments
Particles of organic or inorganic matter that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated form.
Sediments are classified by particle size.
Waves and currents transport smaller particles further than the larger ones

3. Sediments
Well-sorted sediments Layer of sediment that is composed of particles of one size
Poorly-sorted sediments Layer of sediment that is composed a mixture of particle sizes

4. Classification of Sediments

5. Terrigenous Sediments
Sediments that come from the land.
The sediment cycle:
Over geological time, mountains rise as plates collide, fuse, and subduct. The mountains erode and the sediments are transported to the sea by wind and water, where they collect on the seafloor. The sediments travel with the plate and are either uplifted or subducted. The material is made into mountains and the cycle begins again.

6. The Sediment Cycle

7. Biogenous Sediments
Made up of siliceous and calcareous compounds that were originally brought to the ocean in solution by rivers or dissolved in the ocean at oceanic ridges.
Used to build protective shells and skeletons

8. Hydrogenous Sediments
Minerals that have precipitated from seawater.
Sources: Submerged rock and sediments, leaching of the fresh crust at oceanic ridges, material issuing from hydrothermal vents. And substance flowing into the ocean in river runoff

9. Cosmogenous Sediments
Extraterrestrial origin sediments that come from:
Interplanetary dust that falls constantly into the top of the atmosphere
Rare impacts by lager asteroids and comets

10. BREAK

11. Distribution of Marine Sediments
Neritic—Continental shelf sediment
Consist primarily of terrigenous material
Pelagic—Sediments of the slope, rise and deep ocean
Consist primarily of biogenous material

12. Sediments of Continental Margins
Sediments can accumulate to a great thickness on continental margins
Shelf sediments can be converted into sedimentary rock in the process of lithification.
Pressure-induced compaction or by cementation
Once lithified, sediments can be thrust above sea level by tectonic forces
Forming mountains or plateaus

13. Sediments of Deep-Ocean Basins
Classification of Sediments
Turbidites—deposits made by turbidity currents (graded layers of terrigenous sand interbedded with pelagic sediments)
Oozes—deep ocean sediment containing at least 30% biogenous material
Siliceous
Calcareous
Hydrogenous—originates from chemical reactions that occur in the existing sediment
Evaporites—salts that precipitate as evaporation occurs

14. oozes Ooze—classified by the type of life from which it was derived
Siliceous ooze—formed by organisms that contain silica in their shells. Diatoms are one type of organism whose remains contribute to siliceous ooze.
Calcareous ooze—formed by organisms, such as foraminifera, which contain calcium carbonate in their shells or skeletons. Also formed by pteropods and coccolithophhores

15. Calcareous Oozes Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD)
The depth at which the rate of accumulation of calcareous sediments equals the rate of dissolution of those sediments.
Below this depth, sediment contains little or no calcium carbonate.
Calcareous sediments dominates the deep-sea floor at depths less than about 4,500m.

16. Hydrogenous Sediments
Usually a result of chemical reactions
Found in the form of nodules containing manganese and iron oxides

17. Evaporites
Precipitates that form as water evaporates or as the conditions in the water change
Currently form in the Gulf of California, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf

18. Oolite Sand
Hydrogenous sediment formed when calcium carbonate precipitates from warmed seawater as pH rises
Forms rounded grains around a shell fragment or other particle (resembling fish eggs)

19. Studying Sediments
Grab Sampler—can be used to obtain a relatively undisturbed sediment sample.

20. Studying Sediments
Corer—allows a cylinder of sediment to be taken for analysis to determine the age of the material, as well as the density, strength, molecular composition and radioactivity of the sediment.

21. Studying Sediments What do we learn from studying sediments?
Historical information
Location of natural resources
Crude oil
Natural gas

22. Questions:
Thinking Critically
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