1. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Dangers of Adverse Environmental / Thermal Conditions PE 236 Amber Giacomazzi, MS, ATC

2. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Environmental stress can adversely impact an athlete’s performance and pose serious health threats Areas of concern –___________ –_____________________

3. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Hyperthermia Athletic trainers require knowledge and information concerning __________, ________ and __________ to adequately make decisions regarding environmental dangers Has caused a number of deaths over the years Must manage heat stress appropriately Hyperthermia = _______________ ________________

4. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heat Stress Extreme caution should be used when training in the heat (_______________ ________________) It is _____________ Athletes who train under these extreme conditions are at risk Physiologically the body will continue to function if ______________ is ____________ Body must _______________ to maintain ____________

5. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heat can be dissipated from the body through 4 mechanisms –Conduction (______________) –Convection (_____________________) –Radiation (___________________ _________) –Evaporation (_____________________ _______) ___________________ is dissipated through evaporation

6. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Evaporative Heat Loss –Sweat glands allow water transport to surface –Evaporation of water takes heat with it –When __________ and ___________________ are ______ than _____________, loss of heat through evaporation is key –Air must be relatively _________ for evaporation to occur relative humidity of __________________ –Heat illness can still occur in _____________ if body is ____________________ Caused by ___________ and ________________

7. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Monitoring Heat Index _____, _______,and ________ must be monitored closely _______________________(_____) provides objective measure for determining precautions concerning participation in heat –WBGT incorporates different thermometer readings _______ (standard mercury temperature) ________ (thermometer with wet gauze that is swung around in air)

8. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. –DBT and WBT can be measured with ___________ (combines both thermometers) Wet bulb will be lower due to evaporation of water –Ventilation is provided by whirling thermometer (______________) –Newer models utilize digital sensors

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10. Heat Illnesses Heat Syncope (___________) –Associated with __________ and ___________, _____________ for long periods of time –Caused by _____________, or ________ _______ in extremities resulting in _______ and _________ –Treat by placing athlete in ________ __________, ___________ and ______ _______

11. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heat Cramps –Painful muscle spasms (___________) due to _____________ and ________ __________ –Occurs in individuals in good shape who _____________________ –Treatment Prevent by consuming extra fluids and maintaining electrolyte balance Treat with __________, ___________ with _____ ___________ Return to play unlikely due to continued cramping

12. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heat Exhaustion –Result of inadequate fluid replacement –Will exhibit signs of __________, _______, mildly ____________, _________, ______________ and _____ pulse –May develop heat cramps or become faint/dizzy –Core temperature will be ~_____ –Performance may ________ –Immediate treatment includes _____ _______ (intravenous replacement, ultimately), place in _____________

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14. Heatstroke –Serious _____________ condition, with unknown specific cause –Characterized by _________- sudden ________, _____, _________, _______ _______, ____________, __________ pulse, and core temperature of > ______ –Temperature must be ______ within ___ minutes –Drastic measures must be taken to cool athlete Strip clothing Sponge with cool water ____________________________________

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16. Preventing Heat Illness _____________ and _____________ –Consume fluids and stay cool Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement –Single most important step taken by a ______ to minimize the chance of heat illnesses –____________ re-hydration is critically important –Generally _______ of fluid is ever replaced and should therefore be ___________, ______, and ________________

17. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. –Fluid replacement should _______________ Most effectively replaced at ____________ (____ minutes) –Time of stomach emptying is critical Water is ____________________________ Drink with 6% CHO is eliminated at the same rate if the individual is hydrated __________ tend to empty ______ and will not induce cramping Drinks with ________ and ________ will promote ___________ –Hydration levels can be monitored via ______ ______and ______ Appropriate hydration = clear urine at normal or above-normal output level 60 minutes following exercise

18. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Using Sports Drinks –____________ than just replacing fluids with _________ –Flavoring results in __________________ __________ –Replaces ______ and ____________ –Small amounts of ______ help in ______ of _____ –Different drinks have different nutrient levels –Optimal CHO level is ___ per _ ounces of water –More CHO results in _________________ –Effective for both _______and __________ activities

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20. ______________________ –Most effective method of avoiding heat stress –Involves becoming ____________ and ________________ –Early pre-season training and _____ ____________ are recommended with progressive exposure over _______ period –_____ of acclimatization can be achieved during __________ with ___________ and _________ practice sessions

21. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Identifying Susceptible Individuals –Athletes with ______________ –____________________ –Athlete with ________________ –While slight differences exist, precautionary measures apply to both males and females –Athletes consuming ___________ or ___________may have impaired sweating and may predispose them to injury Uniform Selection –Base on temperature and humidity –Dress for the weather and temperature –Avoid _________________

22. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Weight Records –Keep track of ______ and ______ measures for first _____________ –If increase in temperature and humidity occurs during the season, weights should again be recorded –A loss of _____ = _______________ and could be a ____________

23. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Hypothermia Most activity allows for adequate heat production (_____________) and dissipation, allowing for sufficient functioning Impact on _________ and “________” Temperature in conjunction with _______ and _________ or ________ can increase chances of hypothermia

24. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. With muscular fatigue, ___________ begins to drop and ______________ relative to _____________ may shift –Results in impaired ____________ _________and exhaustion Drop in core temp stimulates ________ but stops after temp drops below ______ _______ is imminent when temp falls below __________

25. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cold Disorders Fluid replacement is critical even under colder environmental conditions –Dehydration = decreased blood volume = _____________________________ May be useful to monitor weight of athletes training in cold temperatures While less common, injury/illness due to the cold still occur, particularly in endurance type activities, _________ and __________________

26. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prevention –Apparel geared for weather to provide semitropical microclimate for body and prevent chilling –_________ and __________ fabrics that allow passage of _____ and _____, and allow movement –______ and adjusting them are key to maintaining body temperature (during period of (in)activity) –Inadequate clothing, improper warm-up and chill factor can lead to _____, ______, and/or minor ________________

27. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Overexposure to Sun Precautions must be taken to protect athletes, coaches, athletic trainers and support staff Long Term Effects on Skin –Premature aging and skin cancer due to ultraviolet exposure –Premature aging is characterized by _______, _______and _______of the skin –__________ is the _________________ ________found in humans

28. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Using Sunscreen –Can help prevent damaging effects of UV radiation –Sunscreen effectiveness is expressed as SPF (_________________) ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________ The greater the __________, the ________ the SPF that should be used –Should be worn by athletes, coaches, and athletic trainers who are outside a considerable amount, and/or have _____ _________, _______, _______, or _____ ________________

29. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. –Sunscreen use is at its highest ______ - _________ but should be used year round (particularly between the hours of _______) –It should be applied ___________ before exposure and re-applied after exposure to _____, __________, ________________ ______________