1. Dr. Hayder kh. Q. Ali School of Bioprocess Engineer UniMAP

2. Outline  Carbonyl Condensation  Micheal Reaction Aldol Claisen

3. 1. Carbonyl Condensation  Carbonyl compounds are both the electrophile and nucleophile in carbonyl condensation reactions

4. Aldol Condensation  Acetaldehyde reacts in basic solution (NaOEt, NaOH) with another molecule of acetaldehyde  The  -hydroxy aldehyde product is aldol (aldehyde + alcohol)  This is a general reaction of aldehydes and ketones

5. General Condensations 5

6. Mechanism of Aldol Reactions  Aldol reactions, like all carbonyl condensations, occur by nucleophilic addition of the enolate ion of the donor molecule to the carbonyl group of the acceptor molecule  The addition intermediate is protonated to give an alcohol product

7. Predicting Aldol Products The product will have an alcohol and a carbonyl in a 1,3 relationship (a beta-hydroxy carbonyl)

8. 1. Claisen Condensation  Condensation of Two Ester Molecules.  The product of a Claisen condensation is a β- keto ester.  In a Claisen condensation, one molecule of carbonyl compound is the nucleophile and second molecule is electrophile.  The new C-C bond connect the α-carbon of one molecule and the carbon that was formerly the carbonyl carbon of the other molecule

10. Mechanism of the Claisen Condensation  Similar to aldol condensation: nucleophilic acyl substitution of an ester enolate ion on the carbonyl group of a second ester molecule If the starting ester has more than one acidic a hydrogen, the product  -keto ester has a doubly activated proton that can be abstracted by base Requires a full equivalent of base rather than a catalytic amount The deprotonation drives the reaction to the product

11. Learning Check: Predict the product of Claisen condensation of ethyl propanoate

12. Solution: Predict the product of Claisen condensation of ethyl propanoate

13. Mixed Claisen Condensations  Successful when one of the two esters acts as the electrophilic acceptor in reactions with other ester anions to give mixed  -keto esters

14. 2.Conjugate Carbonyl Additions: The Michael Reaction  Enolates can add as nucleophiles to ,  -unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to give the conjugate addition product

15. Mechanism of the Michael  Nucleophilic addition of a enolate ion donor to the  carbon of an ,  - unsaturated carbonyl acceptor

16. Learning Check:  Make the following using a Michael Reaction:

17. Solution:  Make the following using a Michael Reaction:

18. Which of the following statements explains why the following aldehyde will not undergo an aldol reaction with itself? 1. The benzene ring makes the carbonyl group unreactive towards aldol reactions. 2. A carbonyl group must be connected to two alkyl groups in order to undergo an aldol reaction. 3. The molecule does not possess any hydrogens α to the carbonyl group. 4. Electrophilic aromatic substitution competes favorably with the aldol reaction. 5. Nucleophilic acyl substitution competes favorably with the aldol reaction. Learning Check:

19. Which of the following statements explains why the following aldehyde will not undergo an aldol reaction with itself? 1. The benzene ring makes the carbonyl group unreactive towards aldol reactions. 2. A carbonyl group must be connected to two alkyl groups in order to undergo an aldol reaction. 3. The molecule does not possess any hydrogens α to the carbonyl group. 4. Electrophilic aromatic substitution competes favorably with the aldol reaction. 5. Nucleophilic acyl substitution competes favorably with the aldol reaction. Solution:

20. Predict the aldol reaction product of the following ketone. 1. 2.3. 4.5. Learning Check:

21. Predict the aldol reaction product of the following ketone. 1. 2.3. 4.5.Solution:

22. What type of reaction occurs in a Claisen condensation? 1. electrophilic aromatic substitution 2. nucleophilic addition 3. hydrolysis 4. nucleophilic acyl substitution 5. decarboxylation Learning Check:

23. What type of reaction occurs in a Claisen condensation? 1. electrophilic aromatic substitution 2. nucleophilic addition 3. hydrolysis 4. nucleophilic acyl substitution 5. decarboxylation Solution:

24. Select the correct Claisen condensation product for the following reaction. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Learning Check:

25. Predict the outcome of the following reaction. 1.2. 3. 4. 5.Solution: