1. Visual Semantic Modeling of Digital Libraries Qinwei Zhu, Marcos André Gonçalves, Rao Shen, Edward A. Fox – Virginia Tech,, Blacksburg, VA, USA Lillian Cassel – Villanova University, PA, USA

2. Acknowledgements NSF Grants CITIDEL: DUE-0121679 DL-in-a-box: DUE-0136690 ETANA: ITR-0325579 GetSmart: DUE-0121741 OAD: IIS-0086227 Others AOL Capes (Brazilian funding agency)

3. Outline Motivation The 5S Family: model, language, generation The 5SGraph Modeling Tool Evaluation Semantic Modeling of DLs with Concept Maps Conclusion

4. Motivation DLs are not benefiting from formal theories as have other CS fields: DB, IR, PL, etc. DL construction: difficult, ad-hoc, lacking support for tailoring/customization Conceptual modeling, requirements analysis, and methodological approaches are rarely supported in DL development. Lack of specific DL models, formalisms, languages

5. 5S model/ 5S language ModelFormal definitionObjective within 5SL StreamsSequences of arbitrary typesDescribe properties of the DL content such as encoding and language for textual material or particular forms of multimedia data StructuresLabeled directed graphsSpecify organizational aspects of the DL (e.g., structural /descriptive metadata, hypertexts, taxonomies, classification schemes) SpacesSets of objects and operations on those objects that obey specific constraints Define logical and presentational views of several components. ScenariosSequences of events that modify states of a computation in order to accomplish some functional requirement Detail the behavior of the DL services SocietiesSets of communities and relationships (relations) among them Define managers, responsible for running DL services; actors, that use those services; and relationships

6. 5SL primitives and implementation ModelPrimitives5SL implementation Streams Model Text; video; audio; picture; software programMIME types Structures Model Collection; catalog; hypertext; document; metadata; organization tools XML and RDF schemas; Topic maps ML (XTM) Spaces Model User interface; index; retrieval modelMathML, UIML, XSL Scenarios Model Service; event; condition; actionExtended UML sequence diagrams; XML serialization Societies Model Community; service managers; actors; relationships; attributes; operations XML serialization

7. 5S DL generation

8. Challenges with Approach The designer should know the 5S theory very well and be very familiar with the syntax and semantics of 5SL to be able to write correct 5SL files. It is difficult to get the big picture of a digital library just from a textual 5SL file.

9. Overall objective of 5SGraph: Help users model their own instances of a digital library (DL) in the 5S language (5SL). A simple modeling process which enables rapid generation of digital libraries is needed. Support non-expert users. Speed-up development process. Increase the quality of final product. 5SGraph: A DL Modeling Tool

10. Goals of 5SGraph To help digital library designers understand the 5S model quickly and easily To help digital library designers build their own digital libraries without difficulty To help digital library designers transform their models into 5SL files automatically To help digital library designers understand, maintain, and upgrade existing digital library models conveniently

11. 5SGraph How does 5SGraph work? 5SGraph loads and displays a metamodel in a structured toolbox. The structured editor of 5SGraph provides a top- down visual environment for the DL designer. 5SGraph produces correct 5SL files according to the visual model built by the designer.

12. Overview of 5SGraph Workspace (instance model) Structured toolbox (metamodel)

13. Visualization Features The structured toolbox Visualization of the metamodel Visual components that can be added Truncated display of trees Node-link representation Deep-node problem Icons Type/Instance relationship Cardinality

14. Component Reuse Components can be loaded/saved. Load and save sub-trees Component reuse saves time and effort. Full reuse from component pool Partial reuse: adapting components

15. Semantic Constraints There are inherent semantic constraints in the hierarchical structure of the 5S model. 5SGraph maintains the constraints and enforces these constraints over the instance model to ensure correctness.

16. Example 1 (Constraint Enforcement) An actor can only participate in the services that have been defined in the Scenario Model.

21. Example 2 (Constraint Enforcement) A catalog has descriptive metadata for digital objects in a specific collection. Therefore, a catalog must have a 1:1 relationship with an existing collection. Thus, a catalog is not independent.

24. The Preliminary Test of 5SGraph Research Questions Does the tool help users understand and use the 5S model to build their own digital libraries? Does the tool help users efficiently describe digital library models in the 5SL language? Are users satisfied with the tool?

25. The Preliminary Test of 5SGraph: Experimental Design Three tasks 1. Build a simple digital library using existing components. 2. Complete the partial model for CITIDEL. 3. Build a model for NDLTD from scratch. Three measures Effectiveness Efficiency User satisfaction 17 subjects

26. Measures Effectiveness Completion rate Goal achievement Efficiency Task completion time Closeness to expertise: minimum task time divided by task time Satisfaction Subjective rating

27. Test Results Task 1Task 2Task 3 Completion Rate (%) 100 Mean Task Time (min) 11.311.415.1 Mean Closeness to Expertise 0.4830.7520.712 Mean Goal Achievement (%) 97.4 98.2

28. Satisfaction and Usefulness The average rating of user satisfaction is 91%. The average rating of usefulness of the tool is 92%. Statistical analysis shows that the mean value of post-understanding of the 5S model is significantly greater than that of pre- understanding.

29. Educational Use

30. Semantic Modeling of Digital Library with Concept Maps Customized “plugin” tool to model scenarios and societies Tools with common principles, abstractions, graphical notations, and operations Solution: Concepts Maps Conceptual tools for organizing knowledge and representation

31. Conclusions Presented a domain specific visual modeling tool for DLs. Evaluated the tool and proved efficiency, effectiveness, and learnability. Built new tools based on concept maps for scenario and societies modeling.

32. Future work Integration of tools Further usability studies with “digital librarians” Usiing the tools as educational aids for teaching about digital libraries

33. Learnability