1. Manifest Destiny Chapter 11 Pages 466-506

2. Westward to the Pacific  Manifest Destiny was a doctrine used to justify the westward expansion of the US. Cause: the future meant moving to the Pacific Ocean Believed US was superior Effect: US swept aside every obstacle  All Native Americans removed

3. Oregon Country  Land between Rocky Mountains and Pacific Ocean Adams-Onis Treaty:  Treaty with Spanish  Both US and Britain could settle  Divide along the 49 th Parallel

4. The Oregon Trail  The most practical route to the Western US. Lasted 5-6 months Winter snow blocked the passes Difficult terrain  Problems Along the Way Attacks from Native Americans 1 in 10 died of disease, overwork, hunger, accidents  When did the Trail Stop? When the transcontinental railroad was built

5. Independence for Texas  1803: US laid claim to Texas Most residents were tejanos (Mexicans lived in Texas) Comanches, Kiowas, Apaches lived in the area Spanish offered empresarios land and opportunity Tension grew between the groups

6. The Struggle for Independence  General Santa Anna Became Mexico’s dictator Stephen F. Austin arrested  Texans wanted separate nation from Mexico liberated San Antonio Thought war was won  The Alamo San Antonio 160 soldiers, no gunpowder Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, William B. Travis Killed by Santa Anna after 13 days  Battle of San Jacinto Houston captured and killed Santa Anna Texans elected Sam Houston as President  Texas became a state in 1845

7. War With Mexico  The Santa Fe Trail From the Missouri River to New Mexico Used to trade between the US and Mexico

8. Mexico  Spanish Culture El Camino Real (the King’s Highway)  Connected missions  Used to convert Native Americans Ranchos  Abolished missions after independence  Mexican settlers were called rancheros Manifest Destiny and California  At first, Mexico welcomed Americans  John Sutter: land grant  John C. Fremont wrote of beauty  Mexico refused to sell California and New Mexico

9. War With Mexico  How did Conflict Begin? President Polk ordered soldiers into Mexico Mexico wanted to reclaim Texas Fremont’s Bear Flag Republic  The Capture of Mexico City March, 1847 American forces landed September, 1847 Mexico surrendered  Peace Treaty: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico gave up claims to Texas Agreed to Rio Grande border US paid $15 million for Ca. and NM Another $10 million for AZ (Gladstone Purchase)

10. The California Gold Rush  Who were the Forty-Niners? 100,000 people came for gold 1848-49 $6 million (worth $100 million today) Lived in “boomtowns” Vigilantes kept control  Californios Hispanic Californians Many lost land

11. A Religious Refuge in Utah  Mormon Religion Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Joseph Smith had visions  Forced out of New York  Killed by a mob in 1844 Brigham Young  Moved Mormons to Great Salt Lake in Utah  12,000 people  Became governor Desert Haven  Called Deseret  Utah became state in 1896