1. Science n A process through which nature is studied, discovered, and understood. n All areas of science involve posing INQUIRIES (questions) about nature.

2. Processes of Science n Observing n Hypothesizing n Experimenting n Drawing a conclusion n Communicating

3. Terms and Definitions n Theory -- The most probable EXPLANATION based on the best available EVIDENCE. –Example:

4. Terms and Definitions n Facts -- Data or EVIDENCE that can be OBSERVED repeatedly n Example :

5. Terms and Definitions n Inference -- A CONCLUSION drawn on the basis of FACTS –Example:

6. Terms and Definitions n Hypothesis -- An EDUCATED guess – a TESTABLE statement –Example:

7. Terms and Definitions n Law -- A general statement that DESCRIBES or explains a wide variety of PHENOMENON –Example:

8. Terms and Definitions n Superstition -- A BELIEF that is NOT based on evidence –Example:

9. Scientific Method n 1. Stating a problem - something is considered a problem if its solution is not obvious. Some crucial information is missing. Solving the problem involves finding this missing information.

10. Scientific Method n 2. Collecting information on the problem -- the more you know about the problem the more precisely you can state the problem and the less time you will waste looking for solutions.

11. Scientific Method n 3. Making a hypothesis- –a. Use what you know about the problem to predict a solution and try it. –b. Look for patterns that will help you make predictions about the problem.

12. Scientific Method n 3. Making a hypothesis- –c. Make a model, or a representation, of what you’re working with. –d. Break the problem down into smaller, simpler problems.

13. Scientific Method n 4. Performing an experiment - design an experiment that will provide a means for you to make a solid conclusion about your hypothesis

14. Scientific Method 5. Make a conclusion - a solid conclusion is related to the hypothesis and based on the results of a well designed experiment.

15. Experimental Design Concepts n A science experiment is designed so that only ONE variable is being tested at a time.

16. Experimental Design Concepts n A VARIABLE is something that is changed to study how this change effects the time being studied.

17. Experimental Design Concepts n By changing only one variable, when you make your conclusion you can be assured that it is only that one variable that is causing the EFFECT.

18. Experimental Design Concepts n Independent variable (IV) - the variable that is purposely CHANGED be the experimenter.

19. Experimental Design Concepts n Dependent variable (DV) - the variable that responds and is the variable MEASURED.

20. Experimental Design Concepts n Constant (C) - all factors that are kept the SAME during the experiment.

21. Experimental Design Concepts n CONTROL - the standard to compare the experimental effect against.

22. Experimental Design Concepts n Repeated trials - the NUMBER of objects/organisms undergoing treatment for each value of the independent variable, or the number of TIMES the experiment is repeated.

23. Scenario #1

28. Scenario #2

33. Scenario #3

38. MICROSCOPE UNIT FUNCTIONS OF MICROSCOPE PARTS

39. Types of Microscopes n http://www.cas.miamioh.edu/mbi- ws/microscopes/types.html http://www.cas.miamioh.edu/mbi- ws/microscopes/types.html n http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the- worlds-most-powerful-microscope/ http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the- worlds-most-powerful-microscope/

40. Parts of a Compound Microscope

41. Arm n The basic frame, used to CARRY the microscope.

42. BASE n The bottom stand, which houses the LIGHT.

43. Body n Contains MIRRORS to reflect light to the eyepiece.

44. COARSE Adjustment n Roughly focuses the image by bringing the specimen and objective lenses closer together or farther apart.

45. Diaphragm n A disc-shaped device, located beneath the stage, used to control the AMOUNT of LIGHT passing through the specimen.

46. Eyepiece n The UPPER lens, nearest your eye, which magnifies the image already magnified by the objective and brings the light rays to a focus at the eye.

47. FINE ADJUSTMENT n SHARPENS the image of the specimen, by moving the specimen and objective lenses very small distances closer together or farther apart.

48. Light n The SOURCE of the light which passes through the specimen.

49. Nosepiece n The REVOLVING part that supports three objectives with different magnifications.

50. Objective n The lenses closest to the specimen, that MAGNIFIES the image of the specimen.

51. STAGE n The flat table-like AREA where the slide or specimen is placed.

52. Stage Clips n HOLDS the slide on the stage, to prevent it from slipping around.

53. Microscope Unit Microscopic Terms

54. Slide n A piece of GLASS upon which the specimen is placed for viewing.

55. Cover Slip n A thin SQUARE piece of glass or plastic used to COVER the specimen.

56. High power n The high power objective on the nosepiece (usually 40x).

57. Medium power n The middle power objective on the nosepiece (usually 10x).

58. Low power n The lowest power objective on the nosepiece (usually 4x).

59. Magnification n The number of TIMES an objects apparent size is INCREASED by the lens system. n The total magnification of the lens system is determined by MULTIPLYING the power of the objective times the power of the eyepiece (usually 10x).

60. Resolution n The ability of the lens system to distinguish and SEPARATE fine details in a specimen.

61. Field of view n The AREA of the specimen which is seen through the lens system. The bright circle you see when looking into a microscope.

62. Depth of field n The ability of a lens system to furnish a distinct image ABOVE and BELOW the focal plane. Depth of focus decreases with the increase of magnification.

63. Parfocal n When the objective is in focus, it can be SWITCHED from one power to another, with only small fine focus adjustments being necessary.