1. Na 1s2s 2p 3s Na Forming an Ionic Bond Cl 1s2s 2p 3s 3p Be 1s 2s O 1s2s 2p Be Na + Cl - Be 2+ O O 2-

2. Forming a Covalent Bond 1s2s 2p 3s 3p Cl O 1s2s 2p O Cl 1s2s 2p 3s 3p Cl Cl 2 Cl covalent bond O 1s2s 2p O OO OO double covalent bond Need16 Have14 - _______ Share2 Need16 Have12 - _______ Share4 O2O2 O 2 bond dissociation energy = 498 kJ/mol Cl 2 bond dissociation energy = 243 kJ/mol

3. Forming a Covalent Bond 1s2s 2p N H 1s H N 2s 2p N NN N2N2 N triple covalent bond H 1s H HH HH single covalent bond Need16 Have10 - _______ Share6 Need4 Have2 - _______ Share2 H2H2 NN Let’s Make A Deal! N 2 bond dissociation energy = 945 kJ/mol

4. Forming a Covalent Bond 1s2s 2p C H 1s H C 2s 2p C CC C quadruple covalent bond? H 1s H HH Need16 Have8 - _______ Share8 Need16 Have8 - _______ Share8 H4CH4C CC No! Because of steric hindrance H 1s H H H CH H CHH H H Tetrahydrogen monocarbide “methane”

7. H 1s H O H H C 2s 2p C O O O 1s2s 2p O 1s2s 2p O 1s2s 2p Need12 Have8 - _______ Share4 Need24 Have16 - _______ Share8 O H H OH H Dihydrogen monoxide “water” H2OH2O C OO OCO Carbon dioxide CO 2

8. H 1s H 2p N 1s2s N 1s2s3s Cl C 1s2s 2p C 3p Need14 Have8 _______ Share6 Need40 Have32 _______ Share8 - - N HH H HNH H H3NH3N Trihydrogen mononitride “ammonia” Carbon tetrachloride “tetrachloromethane” CCl 4 ClC C

9. H 1s H 2p F 1s2s F 1s2s NN O 1s2s 2p O Need10 Have 8 _______ Share2 - FH HF Need40 Have 28 _______ Share12 - NN OOO NN OOO HF Hydrogen monofluoride N2O3N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide

10. BondBond Length (pm)Bond Dissociation Energy (kJ/mol) H – H Strength of Covalent Bonds 74436 C – C154348 F – F142159 Cl – Cl199243 Br – Br228193 I – I 267 151 H – C 109 413 H – F 92568 H – Cl127432 H – Br141366 H – I 161298 C 134614 C 945 330 110 839120 N C – Cl C – F 177 488135

11. Forming a Covalent Bond-a ______________ results from the _______ of one or more ________ ___________, between atoms which have similar __________________, usually two atoms which are both __________ covalent bond sharing valence electrons electronegativities nonmetals -atoms bonded together by ______________ form a _________ Strength of Covalent Bonds -the distance between the two _______ of ___________ ________ atoms is called the _____ _______, which is determine by the _____ of the atoms and the _______ of _________ ______ shared -the amount of energy required to break a specific covalent bond is called the _____ _____________ _______, and stronger bonds are ________ and have ________ _____ ____________ __________ a covalent bond molecule nuclei covalently bonded bondlength sizenumber electronpairs bond dissociationenergy shorterhigher bonddissociationenergy

12. Resonance Structures-a condition that occurs when _____ _____ ____ possible ______ __________ exists for an ____ or a _________ more than one Lewis structureion molecule O OO O O O O O O O O O ozone Need32 Have23 _______ Share 9 - Need24 Have18 _______ Share6 - 8 _______ - Gain1 O N O O O N O O N OO O - N OO O - O3O3 nitrate NO 3

13. Octet Rule Exceptions-some covalent molecules bond together, but do not attain a _______ _____, because they have an ____ _______ of ________ _________ stableoctet electronsvalencenumberodd N O O Nitrogen dioxide NO 2 Need24 Have17 _______ Share6? - -some covalent molecules bond together with ______ than ______ ________ __________, and can ______ with _______ __________ having ________ ______ of _________, forming a __________ ________ _____ valenceelectronsfewereight B HH H Boron trihydride BH 3 reactstablecompounds unsharedpairselectrons coordinatecovalentbond N HH H Trihydrogen mononitride H3NH3N + B HH H N HH H coordinate covalent bond

14. Octet Rule Exceptions more -some covalent molecules bond together with ______ than ______ ________ __________, an electron arrangement known as an _________ ______ Xe F F F F eightvalenceelectrons expanded octet Xenon tetrafluoride XeF 4 VSEPR Model -V______ S_____ E_______ P____ R________ model is used to determine __________ ______ alencehelllectronairepulsion molecularshape -________ electrons ______ each other to form certain _____ _______ which minimize the __________ between _______ and __________ pairs of _________ valencerepel bondanglesrepulsion sharedunsharedelectrons ClC COO N HH H OH H tetrahedral linear bent trigonal pyramidal

15. Hybridization-a _______ results from combining ___ of the ________ of object, and it has the ____________ of _____ hybridtwosame type characteristicsboth + horsedonkeymule -atomic orbitals undergo ____________ during ________, forming new orbitals that are __________ to each other hybridizationbonding identical 1s2s N 2p N -when ________ goes to become stable by _________ _________, it has __ valence electrons in its _______ ______ ______, including a _____ of electrons in the ___ and __ _________ electrons in the ___ Nitrogensharing electrons5second energylevelpair2s 3unpaired2p

16. C 1s2s 2p C Hybridization-_________ tends to _____ with __ other atoms, leaving its _______ valence electrons ________ Nitrogenbond3 pairedunshared N HH H NN -when ________ goes to become stable by _________ _________, it has __ valence electrons in its _______ ______ ______, including a _____ of electrons in the ___ and __ _________ electrons in the ___, but it _____ ____ bond with __ other atoms, leaving its _______ valence electrons _________; it undergoes ____________, in which its ___ orbital and its __ ___ orbitals combine to form __ identical ____ orbitals, allowing _______ to bond with __ other atoms with __ __________ bonds Carbonsharing electrons4second energylevelpair2s 2unshared2pdoesnot 2paired unsharedhybridization C 1ssp 3 2s32p 4sp 3 Carbon 44identical ClC HHC H H

17. Polyatomic Ions-_____ made from _____ _____ ____ atom, held together by __________ ______, which _____ or _____ electrons as a ______ ionsmorethanone covalentbondsgainlose group Need32 Have23 _______ Share 9 - 8 _______ - Gain1 N OO O - nitrate NO 3 1- sulfate SO 4 SO O O - O - Need40 Have30 _______ Share 10 - 8 _______ - Gain2 2- Need32 Have22 _______ Share 10 - 8 _______ - Gain 2 C OO O - carbonate CO 3 2- phosphate PO 4 PO O O - O - Need40 Have29 _______ Share 11 - 8 _______ - Gain3 3- - -

18. Polyatomic Ions Need10 Have7 _______ Share 3 - 2 _______ - Gain1 HO - hydroxide OH 1- perchlorate ClO 4 ClO O O - O Need40 Have31 _______ Share 9 - 8 _______ - Gain1 1- Need16 Have9 _______ Share 7 - 8 _______ - Gain NH H H Ammonium NH 4 1+ Hydrogen carbonate HCO 3 Need34 Have23 _______ Share 11 - 10 _______ - Gain1 1- + H C OO O - H

19. Polar Bonds-ionic bonds are those that have a relative electronegativity difference of more than ____ 1.7 -the electronegativity difference is ______ in Sodium chloride 2.1

20. Polar Bonds 1.7 -polar covalent bonds are those that have a relative electronegativity difference greater than __ and less than ____, and result from the ________ sharing of electrons between atoms with __________ ________________ 0 unequal differentelectronegativities -the electronegativity difference is ______ in Hydrogen chloride 0.9

21. Polar Molecules-covalent molecules which are ___________ in _____ _______ are __________, while molecules that are ____________ in any plane are ______ -__________ in the ______ of a molecule is caused by an _______ distribution of _________ __________, creating an _________ of ________ in the molecule symmetricalall planesnonpolar asymmetricalpolar asymmetryshape unevenvalenceelectrons imbalancecharge Cl -molecules containing only _________ bonds are _________ nonpolar OO NN -molecules containing a ___________ distribution of ______ bonds are _________ symmetrical polarnonpolar HHC H H COO ClC -molecules containing a ____________ distribution of ______ bonds are _______ asymmetrical polar OH H N HH H

22. Polar Molecules-_________ is often created by _________ _______ of ________ _________ polarity -the ________ ________ of ______ molecules create stronger ____________________ called _______- ________ ________, the most _________ of which are called _________ ______ -the relatively _____ attractions between the ________ of covalent compounds are called ________________ _______, the ________ of which are called _________ or _______ ________ unsharedpairs valenceelectrons weakmolecules intermolecular forcesweakestdispersion Londonforces partialpolespolar intermolecular forcesdipole powerful Hydrogenbonds -_____________ _______ affect the _________ ___________ of _________ __________ like ________ ______, _______ ______, and __________ intermolecularforcesphysical propertiescovalentcompounds meltingpointboilingpointsolubility forces