1. SoC Clock Synchronizers Project Elihai Maicas Harel Mechlovitz Characterization Presentation

2. Presentation Agenda: The synchronization problem The synchronization problem Project motivation Project motivation Synchronization classifications Synchronization classifications Various solutions Various solutions Our goals Our goals Timeline Timeline

3. The synchnization problem Large chips have multiple clock domains because: Large chips have multiple clock domains because: Chip interfaces with several unrelated blocks Chip interfaces with several unrelated blocks Chip has inner IPs that require different frequency Chip has inner IPs that require different frequency Chip size is growing, what makes it hard to design one LARGE single clock Chip size is growing, what makes it hard to design one LARGE single clock And more … And more …

4. The synchnization problem Example: A communication Hub Example: A communication Hub

5. The synchnization problem When spreading out the problem, it comes to transfer data from transmitter to receiver: When spreading out the problem, it comes to transfer data from transmitter to receiver: Given that ckA and ckB are not from the same clock domain, there is a probability that the receiver won ’ t sample the data correctly Given that ckA and ckB are not from the same clock domain, there is a probability that the receiver won ’ t sample the data correctly Metastability Metastability ts/th issues ts/th issues Duplicate / dropped samples Duplicate / dropped samples

6. The synchnization problem What is the probability of this unfortunate situation to occur ? In general, the probability of synchronization failure can be calculated as follows: P(failure) = P(enter metastable state) · P(still in metastable state after tw)

7. The synchnization problem Flip-flop can enter a metastable state, when its data input D changes the state during the aperture time or sampling window of the flip-flop Probability of an input transition to occur during the sampling window is computed by dividing the apeture time ta by the clock period tcy

8. Project motivation Sync problems become more and more frequent in the industry Sync problems become more and more frequent in the industry Common knowledge is quite insufficient Common knowledge is quite insufficient Solutions are not well categorized Solutions are not well categorized Too little do we know about the various solutions Too little do we know about the various solutions Common synchronization mistakes Common synchronization mistakes Some of the solutions were never looked at closely for proper correctness checking Some of the solutions were never looked at closely for proper correctness checking

9. Synchronization classification We can classify different synchronization problems to number of groups: We can classify different synchronization problems to number of groups:

10. Synchronization classifications Mesochronous Mesochronous Phase difference stays constant Phase difference stays constant We could have a problem if clkB came too fast after clkA (not allowing proper ts), or too slow (not allowing th) We could have a problem if clkB came too fast after clkA (not allowing proper ts), or too slow (not allowing th)

11. Synchronization classifications Plesiochronous Plesiochronous Phase difference drifts Phase difference drifts ∆f< ε ∆f< ε Other Other Every few cycles we might have a sync problem needs to be solved Every few cycles we might have a sync problem needs to be solved

12. Synchronization classifications Periodic Periodic Events are periodic, therefore enables prediction Events are periodic, therefore enables prediction The sychronizer can detect a conflict enough time a head for the resualt to be ready on time The sychronizer can detect a conflict enough time a head for the resualt to be ready on time

13. Synchronization classifications Asynchronous Asynchronous Communication between two asynchronic blocks Communication between two asynchronic blocks Sampling asynchronic signals (real-world input devices) for a synchronized block Sampling asynchronic signals (real-world input devices) for a synchronized block Synchronization is required when the outputs or output events depend on the order in which input events are received Synchronization is required when the outputs or output events depend on the order in which input events are received Asynchronous design is sometimes selected for eliminating the need for synchronization Asynchronous design is sometimes selected for eliminating the need for synchronization

14. Various solutions General solution General solution The Two-FF synchronizer AKA Brute-Force synchronizer The Two-FF synchronizer AKA Brute-Force synchronizer The first flop samples signal A The first flop samples signal A AW has a high probability of being in a metastable state AW has a high probability of being in a metastable state The second flop samples AW after a large waiting time allowing the metastable state to decay The second flop samples AW after a large waiting time allowing the metastable state to decay

15. Various solutions Mesochronous solution Mesochronous solution By delaying the clock with the actual phase difference, one of the registers will sample correctly By delaying the clock with the actual phase difference, one of the registers will sample correctly

16. Various solutions Plesiochronous solution Plesiochronous solution Using FIFO synchronizer, we can keep all timing needed for right sample Using FIFO synchronizer, we can keep all timing needed for right sample

17. Various solutions Periodic solution Periodic solution Using prediction for shorter latency Using prediction for shorter latency Result (unsafe signal) is ready by the time input arrives Result (unsafe signal) is ready by the time input arrives

18. Various solutions Asynchronous solution Asynchronous solution Both clocks are aperiodic Both clocks are aperiodic Advantages Advantages Lower probability of synchronization failure Lower probability of synchronization failure Inherent flow-control Inherent flow-control

19. Our goals Our main goal is to compare between various synchronization methods, with the following criteria: Our main goal is to compare between various synchronization methods, with the following criteria: Latency Latency Area Area Power Power Simplicity Simplicity Plug-n-play Plug-n-play Categorize the various solutions and give certain parameters for the choosing process of a synchronizer Categorize the various solutions and give certain parameters for the choosing process of a synchronizer

20. Our goals In addition, we will check correctness of above circuits with the following circuit: In addition, we will check correctness of above circuits with the following circuit:

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24. Q & A