1. Information Modelling Process Technique- DFD http://software.rasekhoon.net/down1% 5C549987.Sybase_PowerDesigner_16.1.0. 3637.html

2. Systems Thinking DFDs are a tool that supports systems thinking.

3. Process Concepts A process is work performed on, or in response to, incoming data flows or conditions. A System is a Process

4. System Decomposition Decomposition Decomposition is the act of breaking a system into its component subsystems, processes, and subprocesses. Each level of abstraction reveals more or less detail.

5. Decomposition Diagrams A decomposition diagram or hierarchy chart shows the top- down, functional decomposition of a system.

6. Common Process Errors on DFDs

7. Illegal Data Flows

8. Diverging and Converging Data Flows A diverging data flow is one that splits into multiple data flows. Useful for illustrating data that starts out naturally as one flow, but needs to be routed to parallel processes. Also useful for illustrating multiple copies of the same output going to different destinations. A converging data flow is the merger of multiple data flows into a single packet. Useful for illustrating data from multiple sources that must come back together for some subsequent processing

9. Diverging and Converging Data Flows

10. External Agents An external agent defines a person, organization unit, or other organization that lies outside of the scope of the project but that interacts with the system being studied. External agents define the “boundary” or scope of a system being modeled. As scope changes, external agents can become processes, and vice versa. Almost always one of the following: Office, department, division inside the business but outside the system scope. An external organization or agency. Another business or another information system. One of your system’s end-users or managers

11. Data Stores A data store is an inventory of data. Frequently implemented as a file or database. A data store is “data at rest” compared to a data flow that is “data in motion.” Almost always one of the following: Persons (or groups of persons) Places Objects Events (about which data is captured) Concepts (about which data is important) Data stores depicted on a DFD store all instances of data entities (depicted on an ERD)

12. When to Draw Process Models Strategic systems planning Enterprise process models illustrate important business functions. Business process redesign “As is” process models facilitate critical analysis. “To be” process models facilitate improvement. Systems analysis (primary focus of this course) Model the existing system including its limitations Model the target system’s logical requirements (meaning processes and data flows needed regardless of how the system will be implemented) Model candidate technical solutions (physical DFDs only) Model the target technical solution (physical DFDs only)

13. CASE for DFDs (Sample Screen) from System Architect 2001

14. SoundStage Context DFD

15. SoundStage Functional Decomposition Diagram XOR_Cntr_1

16. System DFD

17. Joe’s Yard Joe’s builders’ suppliers has a shop and a yard. His system is entirely manual. He has a stock list on the wall of his shop, complete with prices. When a builder wants to buy supplies, he goes into the shop and picks the stock items from the list. He writes his order on a duplicate docket and pays Joe, who stamps the docket as paid. The builder takes the duplicate docket and he goes to the yard and hands it to the yard foreman. The yard foreman gets the ordered items from the yard and gives them to the builder. The builder signs the duplicate docket and leaves one copy with the foreman and takes one copy as a receipt. Every week, Joe looks around the yard to see if any of his stock is running low. He rings up the relevant suppliers and reorders stock. He records the order in his order book, which is kept in the yard. The yard foreman takes delivery of the new stock and checks it against what has been ordered. He pays for it on delivery and staples the receipt into the order book. At the end of every month, Joe goes through all the dockets and the order book and produces a financial report for the shareholders. Draw a context level DFD and a level-1 DFD for this system.

18. Context diagram

19. Level-1 DFD processes Joe’s builders’ suppliers has a shop and a yard. His system is entirely manual. He has a stock list on the wall of his shop, complete with prices. When a builder wants to buy supplies, he goes into the shop and picks the stock items from the list. He writes his order on a duplicate docket and pays Joe, who stamps the docket as paid. The builder takes the duplicate docket and he goes to the yard and hands it to the yard foreman. The yard foreman gets the ordered items from the yard and gives them to the builder. The builder signs the duplicate docket and leaves one copy with the foreman and takes one copy as a receipt. Every week, Joe looks around the yard to see if any of his stock is running low. He rings up the relevant suppliers and reorders stock. He records the order in his order book, which is kept in the yard. The yard foreman takes delivery of the new stock and checks it against what has been ordered. He pays for it on delivery and staples the receipt into the order book. At the end of every month, Joe goes through all the dockets and the order book and produces a financial report for the shareholders.

20. Verbs from script Has (passive) Buy supplies Picks stock items Writes order Pays joe Stamps docket Takes docket to yard Hands it to foreman Gets items Gives them to builder Builder signs docket Takes copy as receipt Looks around yard and reorders Records order in order book Foreman takes delivery – checks Foreman pays supplier Staples receipt to order book Produces financial report

21. Remove passive verbs and queries Passive: has stock list Buy supplies Picks stock items (views list) Writes orders Pays joe Stamps docket Customer then Takes docket to yard Hands it to foreman Gets items Gives them to builder Builder signs docket Takes copy as receipt Joe then Looks around yard and reorders Records order in order book Foreman takes delivery – checks Foreman pays supplier Staples receipt to order book Joe Produces financial report

22. Level 1 current physical

23. Buy Supplies

24. Get Items

25. Reorder supplies

26. Restock