2. http://www.ecc-book.com/Anatomy_Lecture_1_Lungs.pdf Question: Are the alveoli always at the end of the 24 th division of the tertiary (segmental) bronchi? Answer: (See figure) This number is approximate. These bronchi can divide up to 24 times, but don’t always.

3. 2 separate sacs Pleural layers continuous in each sac Costal: pertaining to ribs Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 41.

4. Bones Ribs/ribcage Vertebral column Muscles Thoracic Accessory Diaphragm Abdominal

5. Clavicle (collarbone) Sternum (breastbone) Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphoid/Ensiform process http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/rib-cage.html

6. 32-34 Vertebrae 7 cervical (C#) 12 thoracic (T#) 5 lumbar (L#) 5 sacral (S#) fused- sacrum 3-5 coccygeal (none) fused- coccyx http://www.everythingicafe.com/forum/threads/this-case-looks-awesome.28863/page-10 C1-C7 T1-T12 L1-L5 Sacrum Coccyx

7. 2 connections with thoracic vertebrae Angle: where direction of rib changes to anterior Costal groove: protects blood vessels and nerves Costochondral joint: connects rib (bone) and costal cartilage http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/thoraxbones.htm

8. http://retilde.wordpress.com/category/rib-cage/Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 48.

9. 12 rib pairs Connected to vertebrae True ribs (7) Synchondrosis (rib 1) synovial/sternocostal joints False ribs (3) Floating ribs (2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNo5HJIY5w4 http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/rib-cage.html

10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapula

11. Bones Ribs/ribcage Vertebral column Muscles Thoracic Accessory Diaphragm Abdominal

12. Thoracic Muscles External Intercostals Internal Intercostals Accessory Muscles Sternocleido- mastoid Transversus Thoracis Scalenus Serratus (3) Levatores Costarum Diaphragm Abdominal Muscles Rectus Abdominus Obliques (2) Transversus Abdominus

13. Internal Intercostals Thoracic Muscles External Intercostals

14. External intercostals Between ribs (11) Origin: vertebrae Course down and lateral Insertion: costal cartilages Contract: ribs move up and out Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 59. http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5283/

15. Internal intercostals Between ribs (11) Origin: sternum Course down and lateral (opposite external intercostals) Insertion: rib angle Contract: ribs move down and in Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 59. http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5287/

16. Thoracic Muscles External Intercostals Internal Intercostals Accessory Muscles Sternocleido- mastoid Transversus Thoracis Scalenus Serratus (3) Levatores Costarum Diaphragm Abdominal Muscles Rectus Abdominus Obliques (2) Transversus Abdominus

17. Accessory Muscles Sternocleido- mastoid Transversus Thoracis Scalenus Serratus Levatores Costarum Anterior Posterior Superior Posterior Inferior

18. Sternocleidomastoid Origins: manubrium of sternum and clavicle Unite and course upward Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone Contract: when head is fixed, bilateral contraction elevates sternum, clavicle, ribcage Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16. http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5086/

19. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16. Transversus thoracis Origin: lower sternum Insertion: upper ribs Contract: depresses ribs http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5289/

20. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16. Scalenus Origin: cervical vertebrae Insertion: ribs 1 & 2 Contract: raises ribs http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5270/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5267/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5262/

21. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16. Serratus anterior Origin: ribs Insertion: scapula Contract: elevates ribs Serratus posterior superior Origin: cervical/thoracic vertebrae Insertion: upper ribs Contract: elevates ribs Serratus posterior inferior Origin: thoracic/lumbar vertebrae Insertion: lower ribs Contract: depresses ribs http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5505/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5285/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5284/

22. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16. Levatores costarum Origin: cervical/thoracic vertebrae Insertion: rib below origin Contract: elevate ribs (similar to external intercostals) http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5238/

23. Thoracic Muscles External Intercostals Internal Intercostals Accessory Muscles Sternocleido- mastoid Transversus Thoracis Scalenus Serratus (3) Levatores Costarum Diaphragm Abdominal Muscles Rectus Abdominus Obliques (2) Transversus Abdominus

24. Diaphragm

25. Major muscle of inspiration Sheet of muscle and tendon between the lungs and abdomen Dome-shaped Muscle: 3 attachments Sternal origin: Xiphoid process Costal origin: costal cartilages 7-12 Vertebral origin: upper lumbar vertebrae (crura) Right crus: L1-L3 or L4 Left crus: L1-L2 Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 20.