1. 1 State and Session Management HTTP is a stateless protocol – it has no memory of prior connections and cannot distinguish one request from another. The server cannot uniquely identify each user, therefore cannot implement user-defined preferences. A session is a persistent network connection between two hosts, for example, a client and a server, to exchange information. An HTTP session is a virtual connection between the client and host. A typical HTTP transaction involves: –The client establishes a connection to the server. –The client issues a request to the server. –The client receives a response. –The connection is closed.

2. 2 A virtual connection associated each request with the client that issued it. It is required that each client returns a piece of state information (session id or user id) with each request. The server uses the session id to uniquely identify each user and it with client’s previous requests. A virtual connection, therefore, maintains the state and client identity across multiple requests (all sharing the same session ID). An HTTP session may expire after a period of inactivity.

3. 3 State Management is the ability to maintain a client’s current state by passing the client-specific information with each request, for example, user’s preferences for a background color.. A server may not uniquely identify the client’s identity. Session Management maintains both state and identity. The association in a session management exists for a period of time between a client a server across multiple requests.

4. 4 Session Management Storing session Information in the URL Path. Rewritten URLs and hidden Variables Cookies

5. 5 Storing Information in the URL Path Storing Session Information in the URL Path –Server sends state information to the client. –The client returns the state information with each request. –The session ID is embedded in the URL path. –The following sequence of actions take place: The client requests a document at http://www.users.com/login.html - is a HTML form for user’s login name and password. http://www.users.com/login.html When a valid user’s name and password are received, the server generates a unique session id and redirects the client to http://www.users.com/sessionID/12345/welcome. htm

6. 6 The server parses the path portion of all requested URLs for a valid session id. From this point onwards, the hyperlinks within all documents returned to the client will use only relative URLs. The browser automatically fills in the missing protocol, host and path information along with the session Id. This feature will work with all browsers (including those that do not support cookies.

7. 7 Rewritten URLs Rewritten URLs pass state info. Between the client and the server by embedding information in the URL of all hyperlinks within an HTML document. An example scenario: 1. The server presents the client with a form to choose the background color. Please select a background color BLUE GREEN

8. 8 Rewritten URLs 2.The color preference is transmitted between the client and the server with each request. The HTML form below is returned to the client <!– background is blue Please select from the list below Book Catalog Search The site The server added the query string bcolor=blue to every hyperlink in the document.

9. 9 Rewritten URLs Instead of storing a client’s preference, a Session Id can be used in place of preference, for session management. Rewritten URLs are effective only when the client follows a hyperlink. If the form is submitted without following the hyper link, the state/session information is not passed to the server.

10. 10 Hidden Variables Hidden variables in an HTML form operate like other input fields (Text fields, check boxes, radio buttons) and transmit information as name/value pairs. The hidden fields are not visible to the to the client (hence cannot modify). Hidden variables work only when the client submits the HTML form.

11. 11 Example 1. The server presents the client with a form to choose the background color. BLUE NAME=“bcolor”VALUE=“blue” … 2. On receiving the HTML form, the server extracts the value of bcolor and constructs the next HTML page and sets the background to blue. The color preference is stored in a hidden variable in the document. <FORM ACTION=“SomeServlet” METHOD=POST Please enter your last name <INPUT TYPE=“TEXT” NAME=“name” SIZE=“25”

12. 12 Rewritten URLs and Hidden variables It is sometimes necessary to use both rewritten URLs and hidden variables to maintain state and session with HTTP. All hyperlinks will contain session ID. All HTML forms will contain hidden variables with Session ID.

13. 13 Using Rewritten URLs and Hidden Variables A typical scenario of events: –The user requests a page from a web-site. –The server returns an HTML form prompting the user to enter his/her name and email address and preferred background color. The HTML form contains a hidden variable that holds a session ID for this client. –The user completes the form and clicks the submit button. –The user’s input is sent to the server along with the session id. –The server extracts the user’s name, email address and color preference and session id from the request and stores them in a DB. –An HTML document containing the same session id is stored in all hidden fields and URL’s for all hyperlinks

14. 14 Cookies Cookies offer a mechanism to store state information on the client. The server instructs the client to store some amount of state information. The information stored at the client is returned to the server with each request. Advantages: –It is not necessary to return the session information to the client as is necessary with rewritten URLs and hidden variables. –Do not require the parsing of the requested URL. –Cookie information is extracted from the client request using simple Servlet API methods.