1. VegBank A vegetation field plot archive Produced at: The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Principal Investigators: Robert K. Peet, University of North Carolina Michael D. Jennings, U.S. Geological Survey Dennis Grossman, NatureServe Marilyn D. Walker, USDA Forest Service Primary collaborators: Don Faber-Langendoen, NatureServe Michael Lee, University of North Carolina Mark Anderson, NCEAS Gabriel Farrell, NCEAS John Harris, NCEAS

2. A vegetation plot archive? Currently there is no standard plot data repository. A repository is needed for: Plot storage and preservation Plot access and identification Plot documentation in literature/databases In addition, data exchange standards are needed to support alternative data archive initiatives.

3. Biodiversity data structure Taxonomic database Plot/Inventory database Occurrence database Plot Observation/ Collection Event Specimen or Object Bio-Taxon Locality Vegetation Type Vegetation type database

4. Plot Observation Taxon Observation Taxon Interpretation Plot Interpretation Core elements of VegBank Taxon Assignment Plot Assignment

5. Taxonomic database challenge: Standardizing organisms and communities The problem: Integration of data potentially representing different times, places, investigators and taxonomic standards. The traditional solution: A standard checklists of organisms.

6. Standard checklists for Taxa Representative examples for higher plants in North America / US USDA Plants http://plants.usda.gov ITIS http://www.itis.usda.gov NatureServe http://www.natureserve.org BONAP http://www.bonap.org/ Flora North America http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/FNA/ These are intended to be checklists wherein the taxa recognized perfectly partition all plants. The lists can be dynamic.

7. Most taxon checklists fail to allow effective dataset integration The reasons include: The user cannot reconstruct the database as viewed at an arbitrary time in the past, Taxonomic concepts are not defined (just lists), Multiple party perspectives on taxonomic concepts and names cannot be supported or reconciled.

8. R. plumosa R plumosa v. intermedia R. plumosa v. plumosa R. intermedia R. plumosa v. interrupta R. pineticola R. plumosa R. sp. 1 R. plumosa v. plumosa R. plumosa v. pineticola Multiple concepts of Rhynchospora plumosa s.l. Elliot 1816 Gray 1834 Kral 2003 Peet 2004? 1 2 3 Chapman 1860

9. NameReferenceConcept Taxonomic theory A taxon concept represents a unique combination of a name and a reference “Taxon concept” roughly equivalent to “Potential taxon” & “assertion”

10. NameConceptUsage A usage represents an association of a concept with a name. Usage does not appear in the IOPI model, but instead is a special case of concept Desirable for stability in recognized concepts when strictly nomenclatural synonyms are created. Usage can be used to apply multiple name systems to a concept

11. Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch Carya carolinae-septentrionalis (Ashe) Engler & Graebner Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch sec. Gleason 1952sec. Radford et al. 1968 Three concepts of shagbark hickory Splitting one species into two illustrates the ambiguity often associated with scientific names.

12. Names Carya ovata Carya carolinae-septentrionalis Carya ovata v. ovata Carya ovata v. australis Concepts (One shagbark) C. ovata sec Gleason ’52 C. ovata sec FNA ‘97 (Southern shagbark) C. carolinae-s. sec Radford ‘68 C. ovata v. australis sec FNA ‘97 (Northern shagbark) C. ovata sec Radford ‘68 C. ovata (v. ovata) sec FNA ‘97 References Gleason 1952. Britton & Brown Radford et al. 1968. Flora Carolinas Stone 1997. Flora North America Six shagbark hickory concepts Possible synonyms are listed together

13. Name Concept Usage Start, Stop NameStatus Name system Reference Data relationships VegBank taxonomic data model Single party, dynamic perspective Status Start, Stop ConceptStatus Level, Parent

14. Party Perspective The Party Perspective on a concept includes: Status – Standard, Nonstandard, Undetermined Correlation with other concepts – Equal, Greater, Lesser, Overlap, Undetermined. Lineage – Predecessor and Successor concepts. Start & Stop dates for tracking changes

15. NameConcept Party Usage Start, Stop NameStatus Name system Status Start, Stop ConceptStatus Level, Parent Reference Data relationships VegBank taxonomic data model Multiple parties, dynamic perspectives

16. NameConcept Party Usage Start, Stop NameStatus Name system Status Start, Stop ConceptStatus Level, Parent Correlation Reference Lineage Data relationships VegBank taxonomic data model With party correlations and lineages

17. Intended functionality Organisms are labeled by reference to concept (name-reference combination), Party perspectives on concepts and names can be dynamic, but remain perfectly archived, User can select which party perspective to follow, Different names systems are supported, Enhanced stability in recognized concepts by separating name assignment and rank from concept.

18. NameInterpretationAssertion Rank Source Correlation Author Assertion Status Reference Core elements of the IOPI (Berendsohn) model

19. Primary differences between the VegBank model and the IOPI(Berendsohn) models The VB model is optimized for stability in accepted concepts, support of multiple dynamic party perspectives, support of multiple name systems. The IOPI model is optimized for Describing taxonomic decisions represented in literature.

20. State of Taxon Concept Development 1.IOPI 2.VegBank 3. Collaborators NatureServe Biotics4 USDA PLANTS & ITIS

21. VegBank taxon data content Prototype populated with USDA PLANTS lists and synonyms = weak concepts. Contract with NatureServe and John Kartesz Develop reference-based concepts for 14000 by July 2004 of the ~32000 vascular plant taxa at species level and below List of unambiguous taxa (~6000?) Treatment of most ambiguous taxa Demonstration mapping to FNA A few demonstration groups in depth

22. Concept workbench Concept workbench for both plant concepts and community concepts is planned.

23. The VegBank ERD Available at http://vegbank.orghttp://vegbank.org Click tables for data dictionary and constrained vocabulary

25. The data dictionary provides critical information such as field types, field definitions, and constrained vocabularies.

26. Taxon Observation Importance values Author name Taxon Interpretation Which taxon Who decided and why Stem or collective Voucher information

27. Interpretation continued Plants Taxon Interpretation Taxon Alt Communities Class Comm Interpretation

28. Problematic taxa of ecological datasets Carex sp. Carex sp. #1 (hairy graminoid #2) Carex sp. #1 (sensu McMillan) Potentilla simplex or P. canadensis Picea glauca – engelmannii complex Carya ovata sec. Gleason 1952 Evergreen shrub

29. Connectivity issues Data exchange with NatureServe Data exchange with USDA Data exchange with VegBank clones