1. Firewalls Check incoming and outgoing TCP/IP messages Try to roughly identify abnormal traffic Regulate Inbound and Outbound connections - Make your machine “invisible” - Alert you to suspicious behavior Adjust Security Settings - Generic “sliding bar” - Precise rule definition Keep Logs - Useful for forensics after the attack - Not so important for home user

2. Firewall Functions Packet filtering - check network packet headers before admitting traffic Network Address Translation (NAT) - translate external IP addresses to internal IP addresses Application Proxy - Inspect application-specific header information Data Logging Basic Functions:

3. Firewall Rules Packet filtering is performed based on a set of rules Rules can be pre-defined of user-defined Default Strategy Allow-All - Allows all network packets except those explicitly denied by rules Deny-All - Denies all network packets except those explicitly allowed by rules Deny-All is safer but more annoying Allow-All may be set as the default, so check it

4. Firewall Rule Structure Rules are defined based on information that the firewall has access to 1. TCP/IP header information - source address, dest. address, port number, etc. 2. User Information - Filtering may be different for each user 3. Content - Can tell this from the application protocol 4. Time - Some activity may not be allowed at certain times i.e. video downloads during the day

5. Example Firewall Rules Assume Deny-All Port/ContentUsersTimeAction Port 80/except videoAllAlwaysAllow Port 80/videoTrainersDayAllow Port/ContentUsersTimeAction All ports, except 80AllAlwaysDeny Port 80/videoAll,not TrainersAlwaysDeny Port 80/videoTrainersNightDeny Assume Allow-All

6. Weaknesses of Firewalls Only looks at header information, not packet contents - Cannot see malicious code in the content Access control is not precise - Close off entire ports/applications/addresses Mistakes can be made in defining rules - Assume Allow-All and forget to Deny Good packets may be stopped - Assume Deny-All and forget to Allow - Many cryptic warnings may appear - Need to understand rules to interpret warnings