1. Venus and Mars

2. Two most similar planets to Earth: Similar in size and mass Atmosphere Similar interior structure Same part of the solar system Yet, no life possible on either one of them.

3. Venus The Rotation of Venus Almost all planets rotate counterclockwise on their axis, i.e. in the same sense as orbital motion (revolution). Exceptions: Venus, Uranus and Pluto Venus rotates clockwise, with period slightly longer than orbital period. Possible reason: Off-center collision with massive protoplanet

4. A History of Venus Complicated history; still poorly understood. Very similar to Earth in mass, size, composition, density, but no magnetic field → is the core solid? CO 2 produced during outgassing remained in atmosphere (on Earth: dissolved in water). Any water present on the surface rapidly evaporated → feedback through enhancement of greenhouse effect

5. The Atmosphere of Venus UV image Extremely inhospitable: 96 % carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 3.5 % nitrogen (N 2 ) 0.5%: water (H 2 O), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF) 4 thick cloud layers (→ surface invisible to us from Earth). Very stable circulation patterns with high-speed winds (up to 240 km/h)

6. The Atmosphere of Venus UV image Extremely inhospitable: 96 % carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 3.5 % nitrogen (N 2 ) Rest: water (H 2 O), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF) 4 thick cloud layers (→ surface invisible to us from Earth). Extremely high surface temperature up to 745 K (= 880 o F) Very efficient “greenhouse”!

7. The Surface of Venus Early radar images have already revealed mountains, plains, and craters. Venera 13 photograph of surface of Venus: Colors modified by clouds in Venus’ atmosphere More details from orbiting and landing spacecraft: After correction for atmospheric color effect:

8. Radar Map of Venus’ Surface Surface features shown in artificial colors. Scattered impact craters Volcanic regions Smooth lava flows

9. Lava Flows Young, uneven lava flows (shown: Lava flow near Flagstaff, AZ) show up as bright regions on radar maps.

10. Surface Features on Venus Smooth lowlands Highland regions: Maxwell Montes are ~50 % higher than Mt. Everest! Young, uneven lava flows show up as bright regions on radar maps.

11. Lakshmi Planum and Maxwell Mountains Radar image Wrinkled mountain formations indicate compression and wrinkling, though there is no evidence of plate tectonics on Venus.

12. Craters on Venus Nearly 1000 impact craters on Venus’ surface: → Surface is not very old. No water on the surface; thick, dense atmosphere → No erosion → Craters appear sharp and fresh

13. Volcanism on Venus Sapas Mons (radar image) ~ 400 km (250 miles) 2 lava-filled calderas Lava flows

14. Shield Volcanoes (Review) Found above hot spots: Fluid magma chamber, from which lava erupts repeatedly through surface layers above. All volcanoes on Venus and Mars are shield volcanoes

15. Volcanic Features on Venus Baltis Vallis: 6800 km long lava flow channel (longest in the solar system!) Coronae: Circular bulges formed by volcanic activity Aine Corona Lava flows Pancake Domes: Associated with volcanic activity forming coronae Some lava flows collapsed after molten lava drained away

16. Lunar Highlands and Lowlands Sinous rilles = remains of ancient lava flows. May have been lava tubes which later collapsed due to meteoride bombardment. Apollo 15 landing site

17. Simulated flights over the surface of Venus

18. Mars Diameter ≈ ½ Earth’s diameter Very thin atmosphere, mostly CO 2 Rotation period = 24 h, 40 min. Axis tilted against orbital plane by 25 o, similar to Earth’s inclination (23.5 o ) Seasons similar to Earth → Growth and shrinking of polar ice cap (salty/briny water!!!) Crust not broken into tectonic plates Volcanic activity (including highest volcano in the solar system)

19. The Atmosphere of Mars Very thin: Only 1 % of pressure on Earth’s surface 95 % CO 2 Even thin Martian atmosphere evident through haze and clouds covering the planet Occasionally: Strong dust storms that can enshroud the entire planet.

20. The Atmosphere of Mars (II) Most of the Oxygen bound in oxides in rocks → Reddish color of the surface

21. History of Mars’ Atmosphere Initial atmosphere from outgassing. Small mass of Mars; moderate temperatures Lighter gasses: Molecule velocity greater than escape velocity: → gasses escape into space. Mars has lost all lighter gasses; retained only heavier gasses (CO 2 ).

22. The Atmospheric Temperature Structures of the Terrestrial Planets

23. Mars and ‘The Martian’‘The Martian’

24. The Geology of Mars - Giant volcanoes - Valleys Vallis Marineris - Impact craters Reddish deserts of broken rock, probably smashed by meteorite impacts.

25. Geology of Mars (II) Northern Lowlands: Free of craters; probably re-surfaced a few billion years ago. Southern Highlands: Heavily cratered; probably 2 – 3 billion years old. Possibly once filled with water.

26. Volcanism on Mars (I) Volcanoes on Mars are shield volcanoes. Olympus Mons: Highest and largest volcano in the solar system: Height = 27 km!

27. Volcanism on Mars (II) Tharsis rise (volcanic bulge): Nearly as large as the U.S. Rises ~ 10 km above mean radius of Mars. Rising magma has repeatedly broken through crust to form volcanoes.

28. Hidden Water on Mars (I) No liquid water on the surface because it would evaporate due to low pressure. Evidence for liquid water in the past: -Outflow channels from sudden, massive floods -Collapsed structures after withdrawal of sub-surface water -Valleys resembling meandering river beds -Gullies, possibly from debris flows -Central channel in a valley suggests long-term flowing water But wait! What did NASA just reveal?

29. Hidden Water on Mars (II) Gusev Crater and Ma’adim Vallis: Giant lakes might have drained repeatedly through the Ma’adim Vallis into the crater.

30. Evidence for Water on Mars Large impacts may have ejected rocks into space. Galle, the “happy face crater” Meteorite ALH84001: Identified as ancient rock from Mars. Some minerals in this meteorite were deposited in water → Martian crust must have been richer in water than it is today.

31. Ice in the Polar Cap Polar cap contains mostly CO 2 ice, but also water. Multiple ice regions separated by valleys free of ice. Boundaries of polar caps reveal multiple layers of dust, left behind by repeated growth and melting of polar-cap regions.repeated growth and melting of polar-cap regions.

32. Mars Rovers Tweets from Curiosity Rover: https://twitter.com/MarsCuriosity?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5E serp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor https://twitter.com/MarsCuriosity?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5E serp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Spirit and Opportunity Exploration Rovers: Geology, Water http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/ Curiosity Rover: Habitability http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/overview/

33. The Moons of Mars Phobos Deimos Two small moons: Phobos (diameter ~ 25 km) and Deimos (diameter = 12 km). Too small to pull themselves into spherical shape. Very close to Mars; orbits around Mars faster than Mars’ rotation. Typical of small, rocky bodies: Dark grey, low density. Probably captured from outer asteroid belt.