1. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 1 PHYS 3446 – Lecture #1 Monday, Aug. 28, 2006 Dr. Jae Yu 1.Who am I? 2.Class time and location 3.Information and communication sources 4.Class specifications and style 5.Class plans Syllabus Special semester projects 6.Lab 7.Evaluation Policy 8.This class…

2. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 2 Who am I? Name: Dr. Jaehoon Yu (You can call me Dr. Yu ) Office: Rm 342, Chemistry and Physics Building Extension: x22814, E-mail: jaehoonyu@uta.edu My profession:High Energy Physics (HEP) –Collide particles (protons on anti-protons or electrons on anti-electrons, positrons) at the energies equivalent to 10,000 Trillion degrees –To understand Fundamental constituents of matter Interactions or forces between the constituents Origin of Mass Creation of Universe ( Big Bang Theory) –A pure scientific research activity Direct use of the fundamental laws we find may take longer than we want but Indirect product of research contribute to every day lives; eg. WWW

3. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 3 High Energy Physics Structure of Matter 10 -10 m 10 -14 m 10 -15 m <10 -18 m 10 -9 m MatterMoleculeAtomNucleus u Quark <10 -19 m protons, neutrons, mesons, etc.  top, bottom, charm, strange, up, down Condensed matter/Nano-Science/Chemistry Atomic Physics Nuclear Physics Baryon (Hadron) Electron (Lepton) 10 -2 m

4. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 4 The Standard Model Assumes the following fundamental structure: Directly observed in 2000 Discovered in 1995

5. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 5 Periodic Table All atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons HeliumNeon u d u u d d Proton Neutron Electron Gluons hold quarks together Photons hold atoms together

6. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 6 Mysteries in High Energy Physics? STANDARD MODEL  The “STANDARD MODEL” has been extremely successful  BUT… many mysteries  Why so many quarks/leptons??  Why four forces??  Can they all come from one?  Why is there large particle- antipaticle asymmetry?  Does Higgs particle exist?  Where does mass come from??  Are there other theories??

7. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 7 What are the roles of particle accelerators? Smash particles together Act as microscopes and time machines –The higher the energy, the smaller object to be seen –Particles that only existed at the time of the creation of the universe can be made Two method of accelerator based experiments: –Collider Experiments: p  p, pp, e + e -, ep –Fixed Target Experiments: Particles on a target –Each can look for different things

8. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 8 Fermilab Tevatron and LHC at CERN Present world’s Highest Energy proton-anti-proton collider –E cm =1.96 TeV (=6.3x10 -7 J/p  13M Joules on 10 -4 m 2 )  Equivalent to the kinetic energy of a 20t truck at a speed 81 mi/hr Chicago  Tevatron pp p CDF DØ Fermilab: http://www.fnal.gov/ ; DØ: http://www-d0.fnal.gov/ CERN: http://www.cern.ch/ ; ATLAS: http://atlas.web.cern.ch/ World’s Highest Energy proton- proton collider in summer 2007 –E cm =14 TeV (=44x10 -7 J/p  1000M Joules on 10 -4 m 2 )  Equivalent to the kinetic energy of a 20t truck at a speed 711 mi/hr 1500 physicists 130 institutions 30 countries 5000 physicists 250 institutions 60 countries

9. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 9 The International Linear Collider 33km= 21mi European Design 500 GeV (800 GeV) 47 km =29 mi US Design 500 GeV (1 TeV) Long~ linear electron- position colliders 10 – 15 years from now Takes 10 years to build an accelerator and the detectors

10. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 10 How can we tell apart particle? Interaction Point electron photon jet muon neutrino -- or any non-interacting particle missing transverse momentum Ä B Scintillating Fiber Silicon Tracking Charged Particle Tracks Calorimeter (dense) EMhadronic Energy Wire Chambers Magnet Muon Tracks We know x,y starting momenta is zero, but along the z axis it is not, so many of our measurements are in the xy plane, or transverse

11. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 11 DØ Detector Weighs 5000 tons As tall as a 5 story building Can inspect 3,000,000 collisions/second Record 100 collisions/second Records 10 Mega-bytes/second Recording 0.5x10 15 (500,000,000,000,000) bytes per year (0.5 PetaBytes). 30’ 50’ ATLAS Detector Weighs 10,000 tons As tall as a 10 story building Can inspect 1,000,000,000 collisions/second Will record 200 collisions/second Records 300 Mega-bytes/second Will record 2.0x10 15 (2,000,000,000,000,000) bytes each year (2 PetaByte).

12. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 12 How are computers used in HEP? Digital Data Data Reconstruction pp p

13. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 13 Time “parton jet” “particle jet” “calorimeter jet” hadrons  CH FH EM Highest E T dijet event at DØ How does an Event Look in a Collider Detector?

14. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 14 Class Time and Location Current: 1:00 – 2:20pm, Mon & Wed, SH 105 Proposal: 1:00 – 2:20pm, Mon & Wed, CPB303

15. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 15 Information & Communication Source My web page: http://www-hep.uta.edu/~yu/http://www-hep.uta.edu/~yu/ –Contact information & Class Schedule –Syllabus –Homework –Holidays and Exam days –Evaluation Policy –Class Style & Communication –Other information Primary communication tool is e-mail: Register for PHYS3446- 001-FALL06 e-mail distribution list as soon possible  Instruction available in Class style & Communication –5 points extra credit if done by next Wednesday, Sept. 6 –3 points extra credit if done by next Friday, Sept. 8 Office Hours: 2:30 – 3:30pm, Mondays and Wednesdays or by appointments

16. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 16 How to subscribe to the class e-mail list? Log onto your most favorite e-mail account that you read all the time. Send e-mail to listserv@listserv.uta.edu without subject and with the following in the body: Subscribe phys3446-001-fall06 YourFirstName YourLastName The e-mail should look as follows (note that there are no spaces in the list name):

17. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 17 Class Specification Text Books –Das and Ferbel, “Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics” –R. Fernow, “Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics” Reading Assignments –Not just based on the books –We will use published papers as well –Extra credit on class participations and attendances up to 10% Homework Assignments: –There will be homework problems randomly assigned throughout the semester Two Written Term Exams (15% each) –Term #1: Wed. Oct. 4 –Term #2: Wed. Nov. 15 UTA Large Perpetual Cloud Chamber Projects and Presentations (20%+10%)

18. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 18 Syllabus Nuclear Physics (~1/3 of the semester) –Nuclear Phenomenology –Nuclear Models –Nuclear Radiation High Energy Experimental Techniques –Particle energy deposit in matter –Particle detector techniques and detectors –Accelerators HEP Phenomenology –Elementary particle interactions –Symmetries –Discrete Transformations –CP violations –The Standard Model

19. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 19 Syllabus Neutrinos –Neutrinos and proton structure functions –sin 2  W measurements and its impact to Higgs –Neutrino Oscillation Electroweak Symmetry Breaking –Standard Model EWSB formalism & Higgs –Minimal Super-symmetric Extension of Standard Model –Other EWSB Theories (SUSY) & Other Types of Higgs –Strategy for Higgs search New Phenomena Will be mixed with appropriate experimental techniques

20. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 20 Attendances and Class Style Attendances: –Will be taken randomly –Will be used for extra credits Class style: –Lectures will be on electronic media The lecture notes will be posted on the web AFTER each class –Will be mixed with traditional methods STRONGLY –Active participation through questions and discussions are STRONGLY encouraged  Extra credit….

21. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 21 Semester Projects Completion of the UTA Large Perpetual Cloud Chamber Design –Must participate in a few workshops –Allowed to use the NP lab for your own experiment after the regular lab Final project consists of –A 5 - 7 page paper each (must become a UTA-HEP note): 20% of the total –A 10 minute power point presentation each: 10% of the total Report Due and Presentation Dates –Presentations: Mon. Dec. 4 and Wed. Dec. 6 –Report Due: At the beginning of the class on Wed. Dec. 6

22. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 22 What is the UTA PLCC? Cloud chamber is a charged particle detection device –Uses super-cooled, super-saturated, unstable vapor –Displays charged particle trajectories when particles travel through the vapor –Normally uses ethanol or isopropyl as the medium So the chamber involves techniques in both physics and chemistry  perfect opportunity for students from the two departments to work together New CPB contains a large planetarium with a spacious foyer to display things that stimulate scientific minds –Shows that there are cosmic particles coming from the universe They see particle trajectories before and after the planetarium lectures This detector can be used for class demonstrations and lab measurements

23. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 23 Basic Idea of the Cloud Chamber  T=~100 o C Visible Track Use super-cooled, super-saturated, unstable vapor as the medium When a charged particle passes through the super-saturated vapor, the vapor forms droplets along the trajectory of the particle A strong light beam makes the track appear on the background The track then falls onto the bottom of the chamber due to gravity

24. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 24 The Scope of the Project Dimensions of the proposed chamber: –The largest such chamber available is 1mx50cm horizontal w/ about 10 cm thick cloud. –None I have seen had a display that shows an extended trajectory through an entire height. –All need to be looked at from an angle with respect to horizontal line This UTA chamber will therefore be the largest physical dimension in the world It will also occasionally show a spectacular breakage of atoms through collisions of heavy particles, such as  particles.

25. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 25 A Schematic Chamber Diagram ref

26. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 26 Concerns in the Chamber Requirements –The chamber must be very safe!!! –The chamber must look very nice and impressive!! –The chamber must function at all times, continuously!! –The chamber should be require minimal maintenance!! –The chamber should be as compact as possible!! –The chamber shouldn’t be an untouchable!! The super-cooled vapor is heavy and settles low on the bottom of the chamber Cooling of the vapor should be done evenly and effectively –Cooling coils will be placed at the bottom of the chambers –How do we regulate the temperature?

27. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 27 Concerns in the Chamber How do we keep vapor supply continuously without having to add the medium too frequently? –What medium would be better? –Is there a medium that does not require significant cooling to be in a super-cooled state? On what angle with which color light is good for display –Can people see from the front? –What color trajectories is more visible? Which way should be magnetic field be? –How strong a magnetic field? –Which direction should be field be?

28. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 28 Semester Projects Four topics –Chamber structural design Including the alcohol warmer and support –Refrigeration Thermo-electric Module (TEM) design and operation –Liquid supply and recirculation system –Light and display How do we design to show the best

29. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 29 Laboratory Location: Room 008 in basement Time: 1:00 – 3:50pm, Fridays Requirements: Must be trained for radiation safety A few measurements throughout the semester –Lab can be accessed in times other than regular lab Lab reports are due one week after each measurement –The report will be peer reviewed by someone out of your team –Review comments are due the week after  Will be reflected into the lab grade Lab score will be 15% of the total

30. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 30 Evaluation Policy Two Term Exams: 15 % each  30% Lab Score: 15% Final Semester project paper: 20% 10 minute Project oral presentation: 10% Homework: 15% Quizzes: 10% Extra Credit: 10% –Consists of random attendances, colloquium participation, workshop participation and other opportunities

31. Monday, Aug. 28, 2006PHYS 3446, Fall 2006 Jae Yu 31 In This Class You will learn –Frontier physics and its history –Building blocks of matters are –How matters interact –The current theories that predict the nature –The experimental techniques to verify and test these theories –How we can make our lives better by establishing good theories You are strongly encouraged to work together –One learns enormously talking to others This is not going to be a stroll in the park…. You will earn your mark and feel total fulfillment!! But most importantly… We will have a lot of FUN!!!!