1. Hearing What is the stimulus for hearing? Sound What is sound? Vibrations of different wavelengths Different wavelengths produce different pitches What media can sound waves travel through? Gas, liquid, and solid

2. How do we hear? 1.Sound waves are gathered by the outer ear 2.Sound waves strike the eardrum, causing it to vibrate 3.Vibrations pass from the eardrum to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup in the middle ear 4.Vibrations are send to the cochlea, which contains fluid and hair cells 5.The hair cells bend in response to vibrations, which sends an electrical message to the auditory nerve 6.The auditory nerve carries this message to the temporal lobe 7.Messages can be carried further to other areas of the brain in order to compare sounds and make sense out of what was heard

3. Why do we sound different to ourselves? When you talk, the sound waves travel through your jawbone and through your mouth as well as through the air in your ear When you listen to yourself on tap, the sound waves only travel through the air in your ear

4. What are some affects of listening to loud noise? Long exposure to sound above 80 decibels permanently damages hair cells in the ear, causing hearing loss Excessive noise causes high blood pressure, quicker heartbeats, learning difficulties, and disturbed sleep patterns

5. Why is sound important? Give three examples in which being able to hear sound is very important. Identify the stimulus and response in each example.

6. Smelling What is the stimulus for smell? Chemicals in the air What are the seven basic odor types? Floral Mint Camphor Ethereal Must Pungent Putrid

7. How do we smell? 1.Chemicals in the air go through the nasal cavity and up to the top of the nose 2.The top of the nose is covered with mucus, which dissolves the chemicals 3.The top of the nose has multiple types of smell receptors 4.Each receptor has a special shape that can only fit certain chemical molecules 5.When a chemical molecule fits the receptor, the receptor sends a message to a neuron 6.The neuron sends the message to the olfactory bulb (under the frontal lobe) and then to the temporal lobe 7.Messages can be carried further to other areas of the brain in order to compare smells and make sense out of what was smelt

8. How does a cold affect your sense of smell? Each sinus has lining that produces mucus that drains to the nose and throat; when the lining gets infected or inflamed, mucus builds up because it is unable to drain, causing pain and pressure When the lining is inflamed and infected, the chemicals do not fit the receptors, so you cannot smell as easily

9. Why is smell important? Give three examples in which being able to smell is very important. Identify the stimulus and response in each example.

10. How are smell and taste related? About 70% of what we taste comes from our sense of smell Taste buds on our tongue allow us to detect bitter, salty, sweet, and sour flavors Odor molecules from food give us most of our taste sensation

11. How do we taste? 1.Chemicals dissolve in saliva on our tongue, which has taste buds covering it 2.Taste buds contain receptors that respond to either salty, sweet, sour, or bitter 3.When chemical touches receptor, receptor sends electric message to neuron 4.Neuron sends message to the temporal lobe 5.Messages can be carried further to other areas of the brain in order to compare tastes and make sense out of what was tasted