1. WORK

2. Chapter Eight: Work
8.1 Work
8.2 Efficiency and Power

3. Chapter 8.1 Learning Goals
Tell what it means to “do work” in a scientific sense.
Apply an equation to determine the amount of work done by a force.
Infer that work requires energy.

4. Manipulating Forces Investigation 8A Key Question:
How do simple machines work?

5. 8.1 Work
In science, work is a form of energy you either use or get when a force is applied over a distance.
You do 1 joule of work if you push with a force of 1 newton for a distance of 1 meter.

6. 8.1 Work
When thinking about work, remember that work is done by forces that cause movement.
If nothing moves (distance is zero), then no work is done.

7. 8.1 Work
Force (N)
W = F x d
Work (joules)
Distance (m)

9. 8.1 Work and energy Doing work always means transferring energy.
The energy may be transferred to the object you apply the force to, or it may go somewhere else.

10. 8.1 Work and energy
You can do work to increase an object’s potential energy.
Then the potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy.

11. 8.1 Work
A raised object’s potential energy equals the amount of work it can do as it moves down.
The amount of kinetic energy an object has equals the amount of work the object can do by exerting force as it stops.

12. 8.1 Work
If force is equivalent to the weight of the object in newtons, and
height (h) is equivalent to distance (d),
Then multiplying the weight by height gives you the amount of work the object can accomplish as it moves down (as well as its potential energy).

13. 8.1 Work
Force A does no work because it does not cause the block to move.
Force B is applied at an angle to the direction of motion, so only part of force B does work.
The most effective force to move the block is force C.

14. Solving Problems
How much work is done by a person who pulls a cart with a force of 50 newtons if the cart moves 20 meters in the direction of the force?

15. Looking for: Given: Relationships: Solution Solving Problems
…work done by person
Given:
…force = 50 N (forward);
…distance = 20 m
Relationships:
Work = force x distance
Solution
50 N × 20 m = 1,000 joules.

16. Chapter Eight: Work
8.1 Work
8.2 Efficiency and Power

17. Chapter 8.2 Learning Goals
Describe the relationship between work and power.
Apply a rule to determine the amount of power required to do work.
Explain the meaning of efficiency in terms of input and output work.

18. Investigation 8B
Work
Key Question:
How can a machine multiply forces?

19. 8.2 Efficiency and Power
Every process that is done by machines can be simplified in terms of work:
work input: the work or energy supplied to the process (or machine).
work output: the work or energy that comes out of the process (or machine).

20. 8.2 Efficiency and Power
A rope and pulley machine illustrates a rule that is true for all processes that transform energy.
The total energy or work output can never be greater than the total energy or work input.

21. 8.2 Efficiency 65% of the energy in gasoline is converted to heat.
As far as moving the car goes, this heat energy is “lost”.
The energy doesn’t vanish, it just does not appear as useful output work.

22. 8.2 Efficiency efficiency = Wo Wi
The efficiency of a machine is the ratio of usable output work divided by total input work.
Efficiency is usually expressed in percent.
Output work (J)
efficiency = Wo Wi
x 100%
Input work (J)

24. Solving Problems
You see a newspaper advertisement for a new, highly efficient machine. The machine claims to produce 2,000 joules of output work for every 2,100 joules of input work.
What is the efficiency of this machine?
Is it as efficient as a bicycle?
Do you believe the advertisement’s claim? Why or why not?

25. Looking for: Given: Relationships: Solution Solving Problems
…efficiency of machine
Given:
…Wi = 2100 J, Wo = 2000 J
Relationships:
% efficiency = Wo x 100 Wi
Solution
2000 J ÷ 2100 J x 100 = 95% efficient

26. 8.2 Power The rate at which work is done is called power.
It makes a difference how fast you do work.

28. 8.2 Power Michael and Jim do the same amount of work.
Jim’s power is greater because he gets the work done in less time.

29. 8.2 Power Power is calculated in watts.
One watt (W) is equal to 1 joule of work per second.
James Watt, a Scottish engineer, invented the steam engine.
Jame Watt explained power as the number of horses his engine could replace.
One horsepower still equals 746 watts.

30. 8.2 Power
Work (joules)
Power (watts)
P = W t
Time (s)

31. Solving Problems
Allen lifts his weight (500 newtons) up a staircase that is 5 meters high in 30 seconds.
How much power does he use?
How does his power compare with a 100-watt light bulb?

32. Solving Problems Looking for: Given: Relationships: Solution …power
Fweight= 500 N; d = 5 m, t = 30 s
Relationships:
W = F x d; P = W ÷ t
Solution
W = 500 N x 5 m = 2500 Nm
P = 2500 Nm ÷ 30 s = 83 watts
Allen’s power is less than a 100-watt light bulb.

34. People Power Investigation 8C Key Question:
What’s your work and power as you climb a flight of stairs?

35. Human-powered Transportation
When we move our bodies along, whether by walking, swimming, or skiing, we exert forces over a distance and do work.