1. Laboratoire d’Astrophysique Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland The energy profile of the accretion disk in Q2237+030 from 3.0 years of VLT spectro-photometric monitoring Frédéric Courbin with A. Eigenbrod, G. Meylan, D. Sluse (EPFL) E. Agol (University of Washington) T. Anguita, R. Schmidt, J. Wambsganss (ARI, Heidelberg)

3. Motivation Use chromatic microlensing to constraint the energy profile Use chromatic microlensing to constraint the energy profile of quasar accretions disks of quasar accretions disks Requires: Requires: clear microlensing events clear microlensing events remove the time delay effect remove the time delay effect good sampling over several years good sampling over several years broad wavelength coverage broad wavelength coverage deblend the quasar images and the lensing galaxy deblend the quasar images and the lensing galaxy accurate flux calibration over the whole monitoring accurate flux calibration over the whole monitoring

4. Q2237+080 is ideal for microlensing studies VLT/FORS1 « snapshot » of the Einstein Cross in the R-band

5. (Wozniak et al. 2000, Uldalski et al. 2008 + recent update) OGLE V-band light curves from 1998 to 2008

6. (Wozniak et al. 2000, Uldalski et al. 2008 + recent update) OGLE V-band light curves from 1998 to 2008 2005 our VLT spectroscopy

7. Spatial direction Spectral direction Multiple slits Gravitational lens L Courbin et al. 2000, ApJ 1136, 529 slit 1 slit 2 Two masks per epoch 15 days between 2 epochs 4000-8000 Å 0.7” slit R~400 (2.7 Å per pixel) Seeing < 0.8 arcsec Exp. Time: 1620 s 42 epochs in total Extracting the quasar spectra

8. Example of a spectrum taken in mask1 (comps. A+D) Seeing ~ 0.8” FWHM ~ 0.2” Components A+D alone Lensing galaxy alone Spatial deconvolution + Extracting the quasar spectra

9. data lens A+Ddeconvolved

10. Flux cross-calibration between epochs

11. In addition FORS1 on the VLT has an atmospheric refraction corrector

12. Sanity check using the OGLE photometry + the spectrum of the lens galaxy in the two masks are identical

13. Last step: decomposition of the 1D spectra Sum of Gaussian emission lines + power law continuum + template for the iron optical emission (from Vestergaard 2001)

14. Image A Einstein Cross: time Flux 2005 20062007 A Chromatic variations in the continuum VLT FORS1 R-band

15. Image A Einstein Cross: time Flux 2005 20062007 A Intensity and profile variations of the BELs

16. Microlensing simulations Goal: to measure the energy profile of the accretion disk Theory tells us that  = 1.30 (Shakura & Sunyev, 1973)  = 1.15 (Agol & Krolik, 2000)  = 1.75 (Gaskell 2008) Need to measure source size (microlensing magnification) as a function of distance to the black hole

17. Microlensing simulations Convergence and shear from Kochanek (2004) Convergence and shear from Kochanek (2004) = 0.1 M  (results not sensitive to the mass function) = 0.1 M  (results not sensitive to the mass function) Microlensing patterns with 10000 x 10000 pixels: 100 R E Microlensing patterns with 10000 x 10000 pixels: 100 R E 10 11 ray shootings 10 11 ray shootings We fit difference light curves in six bands (continuum only) We fit difference light curves in six bands (continuum only) 1- remove the intrinsic variations 1- remove the intrinsic variations 2- not sensitive to differential extinction 2- not sensitive to differential extinction

18. Microlensing simulations Multiband (200Å) light curves for the continuum (A-B) Fit to the V-band OGLE difference light curve (A-B)

19. Microlensing simulations Source shape is Gaussian (but unimportant) Source shape is Gaussian (but unimportant) Choose 45 different source sizes: Choose 45 different source sizes: 0.01 R E < R < 4 R E For the 45 sizes, sample the source plane with 10000 light For the 45 sizes, sample the source plane with 10000 light curves that fit well the OGLE data curves that fit well the OGLE data Library of 45000 “good” trajectories to carry out Bayesian Library of 45000 “good” trajectories to carry out Bayesian analysis similar to Kochanek (2004) and Anguita et al. (2008) analysis similar to Kochanek (2004) and Anguita et al. (2008) Find the best source size for each wavelength, i.e., peak of Find the best source size for each wavelength, i.e., peak of the probability distribution in radii the probability distribution in radii

20. Microlensing simulations Linear regression to the data gives  =1.2±0.3

21. Main results 42-epochs VLT spectra of the 4 individual quasar images 42-epochs VLT spectra of the 4 individual quasar images Observations from Oct. 2004 to Dec. 2007 Observations from Oct. 2004 to Dec. 2007 S/N~100 over 4000-8000 Å S/N~100 over 4000-8000 Å Energy profile is proportional to 1.2±0.3 Energy profile is proportional to 1.2±0.3 Energy profile without velocity prior 1.1±0.3 Energy profile without velocity prior 1.1±0.3 Best compatible with prediction from Shakura-Sunyaev (1.3) Best compatible with prediction from Shakura-Sunyaev (1.3) and Agol and Krolik (2000) and Agol and Krolik (2000) The Broad Emission Line also vary, both in intensity and profile The Broad Emission Line also vary, both in intensity and profile High ionisation lines vary more than low ionisation lines, in High ionisation lines vary more than low ionisation lines, in agreement with reverberation mapping studies agreement with reverberation mapping studies

22. Main results Observational details in Paper I: Eigenbrod, Courbin, Sluse, Meylan, Agol, 2008, A&A 480, 647 Microlensing simulations in Paper II: Eigenbrod, Courbin, Meylan, Agol, Anguita, Schmidt, Wambsganss (accepted in A&A, ) (accepted in A&A, arXiv:0810.0011, today) VLT monitoring of RXJ1131-123 has started PI: Sluse

23. Questions