Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology 1

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology 1"— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology 1
4/26/2017 Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Kathleen Cercone PT, PhD Martini Textbook Call me Dr. C. Humans have many ways to maintain homeostasis, the state of relative stability of the body’s internal environment. Disruptions to homeostasis often set in motion corrective cycles, called feedback systems, that help restore the conditions needed for health and life. Our fascinating journey through the human body begins with an overview of the meanings of anatomy and physiology, followed by a discussion of the organization of the human body and the properties that it shares with all living things. Next, you will discover how the body regulates its own internal environment; this unceasing process, called homeostasis, is a major theme in every chapter of this book. Finally, we introduce the basic vocabulary that will help you speak about the body in a way that is understood by scientists and health-care professionals alike. KC

2 1-2 Anatomy and Physiology
4/26/2017 1-2 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Describes the structures of the body What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures Physiology Is the study of: Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions Two branches of science—anatomy and physiology—provide the foundation for understanding the body’s parts and functions. Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them. It was first studied by dissection (dis-SEK-shun; dis- = apart; -section = act of cutting), the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships. Today, a variety of imaging techniques also contribute to the advancement of anatomical knowledge. Whereas anatomy deals with structures of the body, physiology is the science of body functions—how the body parts work Because structure and function are so closely related, you will learn about the human body by studying its anatomy and physiology together. The structure of a part of the body often reflects its functions. For example, the bones of the skull join tightly to form a rigid case that protects the brain. The bones of the fingers are more loosely joined to allow a variety of movements. The walls of the air sacs in the lungs are very thin, permitting rapid movement of inhaled oxygen into the blood. KC

3 1-3 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology
4/26/2017 1-3 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures Surface anatomy: exterior features Regional anatomy: body areas and how structures work together in an area such as the forearm Systemic anatomy: organ systems Clinical anatomy: medical specialties Developmental anatomy: from conception to death Pathophysiology (disease) KC

4 1-3 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology
4/26/2017 1-3 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology Physiology Cell physiology: processes within and between cells Organ physiology: functions of specific organs Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system Pathological physiology: effects of diseases KC

5 Levels of Organization
4/26/2017 Levels of Organization Smallest to largest: Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism How would you order these? osteocyte calcium femur bone tissue skeleton The levels of organization of a language—letters, words, sentences, paragraphs, and so on—can be compared to the levels of organization of the human body. Your exploration of the human body will extend from atoms and molecules to the whole person. From the smallest to the largest, six levels of organization will help you to understand anatomy and physiology: the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal levels of organization KC

6 Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization (Part 1 of 4).
Cellular Level Chemical Level Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Atoms in combination Complex protein molecule

7 Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization (Part 2 of 4).
Organ system level Organism level Organ Level Tissue Level Cardiac muscle tissue The heart The cardiovascular system

8 Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization (Part 3 of 4).
4/26/2017 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Major Organs Skin Hair Sweat glands Nails Major Organs Bones Cartilages Associated ligaments Bone marrow Major Organs Skeletal muscles and associated tendons Major Organs Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Sense organs Major Organs Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Gonads Endocrine tissues in other systems Major Organs Heart Blood Blood vessels INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Components: Skin and associated structures, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands. Functions: Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation Skeletal Components: Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages. Functions: Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats). Muscle Components: Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue—muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac). Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat. Nervous Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears. Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions. Functions Provides movement Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature Functions Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature Functions Protects against environmental hazards Helps regulate body temperature Provides sensory information Functions Directs immediate responses to stimuli Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions Functions Provides support and protection for other tissues Stores calcium and other minerals Forms blood cells Functions Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body Controls many structural and functional changes during development KC

9 Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization (Part 4 of 4) .
4/26/2017 Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Male Reproductive Female Reproductive Major Organs Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Major Organs Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Major Organs Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Major Organs Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Major Organs Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum Major Organs Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Mammary glands Functions Excretes waste products from the blood Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH Functions Defends against infection and disease Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream Functions Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) Provides oxygen to bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream Produces sounds for communication Functions Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones Sexual intercourse Functions Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones Supports develop- ing embryo from conception to delivery Provides milk to nourish newborn infant Sexual intercourse Functions Processes and digests food Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutrients Stores energy reserves KC

10 1-5 Homeostasis Homeostasis is a key concept in biology and life.
4/26/2017 1-5 Homeostasis Homeostasis is a key concept in biology and life. The concept of homeostasis is the description for when the internal conditions of living organisms remain stable (within a normal range), regardless of what is going on in the external environment. Homeostasis is the process used by the body to maintain a stable internal environment. What happens with disease in relation to homeostasis? Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. Homeostasis is a dynamic condition. In response to changing conditions, the body’s equilibrium can shift among points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life. For example, the level of glucose in blood normally stays between 70 and 110 milligrams of glucose per 100 milliliters of blood.* Each structure, from the cellular level to the system level, contributes in some way to keeping the internal environment of the body within normal limits. KC

11 Homeostasis Components of a homeostatic mechanism
Receptor (sensor) – sensitive to environmental change Control center (integration center) – processes information from the receptor and sends out commands Set point (desired value) – in the control center Effector – responds to commands opposing stimulus

12 Homeostasis and Negative Feedback in our homes
An example of Homeostasis and Negative Feedback in our homes Normal condition restored Normal condition disturbed Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops STIMULUS: Room temperature rises EFFECTOR RECEPTOR Air conditioner turns on Thermometer CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) Sends commands to Information affects Figure 1 Section 3.1 Homeostasis The setting on a thermostat establishes the set point, or desired value, which in this case is the temperature you select. (In our example, the set point is 22°C, or about 72°F.) The function of the thermostat is to keep room temperature within acceptable limits, usually within a degree or so of the set point. Features of homeostatic control mechanisms, as shown for the maintenance of room temperature 12

13 Figure 1.7.1 Negative feedback provides stability
Start HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis restored Homeostasis disturbed At normal body temperature (set point: 37°C or 98.6°F), the temperature control center is relatively inactive; superficial blood flow and sweat gland activity are at normal levels. EFFECTORS RECEPTORS Increased activity in the control center targets two effectors: (1) smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels supplying the skin and (2) sweat glands. The smooth muscle relaxes and the blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow through vessels near the body surface; the sweat glands accelerate their secretion. The skin then acts like a radiator by losing heat to the environment, and the evaporation of sweat speeds the process. If body temperature rises above 37.2°C (99°F), two sets of temperature receptors, one in the skin and the other within the brain, send signals to the homeostatic control center. Homeostasis and body temperature CONTROL CENTER The temperature control center receives information from the two sets of temperature receptors and sends commands to the effectors. Figure Negative feedback provides stability The homeostatic control of body temperature, which involves a negative feedback loop Figure 13

14 Negative Feedback in Thermoregulation
4/26/2017 The body can regulate its internal environment through many feedback systems. A feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on. Each monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is termed a controlled condition. Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus. A feedback system includes three basic components: a receptor, a control center, and an effector 1. A receptor is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center. This pathway is called an afferent pathway since the information flows toward the control center. Typically, the input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals. For example, certain nerve endings in the skin sense temperature and can detect changes, such as a dramatic drop in temperature. 2. A control center in the body, for example, the brain, sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed. Output from the control center typically occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones or other chemical signals. This pathway is called an efferent pathway since the information flows away from the control center. In our skin temperature example, the brain acts as the control center, receiving nerve impulses from the skin receptors and generating nerve impulses as output. 3. An effector (e-FEK-tor) is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector. When your body temperature drops sharply, your brain (control center) sends nerve impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors). The result is shivering, which generates heat and raises your body temperature KC

15 1-6 Negative Feedback The Role of Negative Feedback
4/26/2017 1-6 Negative Feedback The Role of Negative Feedback The response of the effector negates the stimulus Body is brought back into homeostasis Normal range is achieved When negative feedback occurs, the body senses that a certain level is too high or too low and acts so the level moves in the opposite direction If you remember it goes in the opposite direction you will know what feedback it is A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition. Consider the regulation of blood pressure. Blood pressure (BP) is the force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels. When the heart beats faster or harder, BP increases. If some internal or external stimulus causes blood pressure (controlled condition) to rise, the following sequence of events occurs. Baroreceptors (the receptors), pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels, detect the higher pressure. The baroreceptors send nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which interprets the impulses and responds by sending nerve impulses (output) to the heart and blood vessels (the effectors). Heart rate decreases and blood vessels dilate (widen), which cause BP to decrease (response). This sequence of events quickly returns the controlled condition—blood pressure—to normal, and homeostasis is restored. Notice that the activity of the effector causes BP to drop, a result that negates the original stimulus (an increase in BP). This is why it is called a negative feedback system. KC

16 4/26/2017 Positive feedback Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions Typically occurs when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly Example: clotting mechanism Positive Feedback is the control mechanism in which the adjustment is made to “exaggerate and accelerate” the original change Speed up the adjustment Rare- only a few examples KC

17 Figure 1-4 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting.
Positive Feedback in Homeostasis Figure 1-4 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting. 4/26/2017 Clotting accelerates Positive feedback loop Chemicals Blood clot Chemicals Another example of positive feedback is what happens to your body when you lose a great deal of blood. Under normal conditions, the heart pumps blood under sufficient pressure to body cells to provide them with oxygen and nutrients to maintain homeostasis. Upon severe blood loss, blood pressure drops and blood cells (including heart cells) receive less oxygen and function less efficiently. If the blood loss continues, heart cells become weaker, the pumping action of the heart decreases further, and blood pressure continues to fall. This is an example of a positive feedback cycle that has serious consequences and may even lead to death if there is no medical intervention. Damaged cells in the blood vessel wall release chemi- cals that begin the clotting process. The chemicals start chain reactions in which cells, cell fragments, and soluble proteins in the blood begin to form a clot. As clotting continues, each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the process. This escalating process is a positive feedback loop that ends with the formation of a blood clot, which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding. KC

18 4/26/2017 KC

19 Table 1-1 The Roles of Organ Systems in Homeostatic Regulation.
4/26/2017 KC

20 The Language of Anatomy=LAB
4/26/2017 The Language of Anatomy=LAB This is NOT lectured on at all. You will do this material in lab. I have worksheets for lab. The lab book will be used in this lab as well. KC

21 Anatomical Terms Landmarks around the body create a map for orientation Based on Latin or Greek words used by ancient anatomists Many terms also were initially named after the discoverer or the most famous victim (diseases) Most eponyms have been replaced by more precise terms

22 Anatomical Landmarks (Surface Anatomy)
4/26/2017 The human body is divided into several major regions that can be identified externally. The principal regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs. The head consists of the skull and face. The skull encloses and protects the brain; the face is the front portion of the head that includes the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin. The neck supports the head and attaches it to the trunk. The trunk consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Each upper limb attaches to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (portion of the limb from the shoulder to the elbow), forearm (portion of the limb from the elbow to the wrist), wrist, and hand. Each lower limb also attaches to the trunk and consists of the buttock, thigh (portion of the limb from the buttock to the knee), leg (portion of the limb from the knee to the ankle), ankle, and foot. The groin is the area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches to the thighs. For example, if you receive a tetanus shot in your gluteal region, it is an injection in your buttock. Because the anatomical term for a body part usually is based on a Greek or Latin word, it may look different from the common name for the same part or area. For example, the Latin word axilla (ak-SIL-a) is the common name for armpit. Thus, the axillary nerve is one of the nerves passing within the armpit. You will learn more about the Greek and Latin word roots of anatomical and physiological terms as you read this book. KC

23 1-7 Anatomical Terminology
4/26/2017 1-7 Anatomical Terminology Superficial Anatomy Locating structures on or near the body surface Anatomical Landmarks Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward Supine: lying down, face up Prone: lying down, face down KC

24 Figure 1.9.2 Directional and sectional terms describe specific points of reference
24

25 Figure 1.9.2 Directional and sectional terms describe specific points of reference
25

26 Figure 1-7 Directional References.
4/26/2017 Superior: Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head) The head is superior to the knee. Superior Right Left Cranial or Cephalic Toward the head The cranial, or cephalic, border of the pelvis is superior to the thigh. Proximal Toward an attached base The shoulder is proximal to the wrist. Posterior or Dorsal Anterior or Ventral Posterior: The back surface Anterior: The front surface Dorsal: The back. (equivalent to posterior when referring to the human body) Ventral: The belly side. (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body) The scapula (shoulder blade) is located posterior to the rib cage. The umbilicus (navel) is on the anterior (or ventral) surface of the trunk. Lateral Medial Away from the midline Toward the midline Proximal Caudal Distal Toward the tail; (coccyx in humans) Away from an attached base The fingers are distal to the wrist. The hips are caudal to the waist. Note that the terms anterior and ventral mean the same thing in humans. However, in four-legged animals ventral refers to the belly side and is therefore inferior. Similarly, the terms posterior and dorsal mean the same thing in humans, but in four-legged animals dorsal refers to the back side and is therefore superior. OTHER DIRECTIONAL TERMS Superficial Distal At, near, or relatively close to the body surface The skin is superficial to underlying structures. Deep Toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface The bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles. a Anterior view b Lateral view Inferior: Below; at a lower level; toward the feet The knee is inferior to the hip. Inferior KC

27 Figure 1-8 Sectional Planes.
4/26/2017 Frontal or coronal plane Sagittal plane Plane is oriented parallel to long axis Plane is oriented parallel to long axis A sagittal section separates right and left portions. You examine a sagittal section, but you section sagittally. In a midsagittal section, the plane passes through the midline. It separates the body into equal right and left sides. A parasagittal section misses the midline. It separates the body into unequal right and left sides. A frontal, or coronal, section separates anterior and posterior portions of the body. Coronal usually refers to sections passing through the skull. Directional term: frontally or coronally Midsagittal plane Directional term: sagittally Transverse, or horizontal, plane Planes and Sections You will also study parts of the body relative to planes, imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts. A sagittal plane (SAJ-i-tal; sagitt- = arrow) is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. More specifically, when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides, it is called a midsagittal plane or a median plane is an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides. If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane (para- = near). A frontal or coronal plane (kō-RŌ-nal; corona = crown) divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. sectional planes – possible orientations of two-dimensional slices (allows us to see internal anatomy) transverse – divides superior & inferior frontal (coronal) – divides anterior & posterior sagittal (mid- or para-) – divides right & left oblique – any other angle (e.g. diagonal) The transverse plane divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. Other names for a transverse plane are a cross-sectional or horizontal plane. Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes are all at right angles to one another. An oblique plane (ō-BLĒK), by contrast, passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle). When you study a body region, you often view it in section. A section is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described. It is important to know the plane of the section so you can understand the anatomical relationship of one part to another. Plane is oriented perpendicular to long axis Frontal plane A transverse, or cross, section separates superior and inferior portions of the body. Transverse plane (inferior view) Oblique Directional term: transversely or horizontally KC

28 Frontal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane Figure Directional and sectional terms describe specific points of reference The major sectional planes 28

29 Figure 1.9.2 Directional and sectional terms describe specific points of reference
29

30 Anatomical Frames of Reference
4/26/2017 Anatomical Frames of Reference body cavity – a fluid-filled internal chamber between the organs (viscera) and body wall provides cushioning permits change in size/shape (e.g GI tract) prevents friction Body cavities are spaces that enclose internal organs. Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another. Here we discuss several body cavities. The cranial bones form a hollow space of the head called the cranial cavity (KRĀ-nē-al), which contains the brain. The bones of the vertebral column (backbone) form the vertebral (spinal) canal (VER-te-bral), which contains the spinal cord. The cranial cavity and vertebral canal are continuous with one another. Three layers of protective tissue, the meninges (me-NIN-jēz), and a shock-absorbing fluid surround the brain and spinal cord. KC

31 Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2).
4/26/2017 Frontal or forehead Nasal or nose Ocular, orbital or eye Cranial or skull Otic or ear Cephalic or head Buccal or cheek Facial or face Cervical or neck Oral or mouth Mental or chin Thoracic or thorax, chest Axillary or armpit Mammary or breast Brachial or arm Abdominal (abdomen) Trunk Antecubital or front of elbow Umbilical or navel a Anterior view KC

32 Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2).
4/26/2017 Antebrachial or forearm Pelvic (pelvis) Trunk Carpal or wrist Palmar or palm Manual or hand Pollex or thumb Digits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal) Inguinal or groin Pubic (pubis) Patellar or kneecap Femoral or thigh Crural or leg Tarsal or ankle Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal) Pedal or foot Hallux or great toe a Anterior view KC

33 Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2).
4/26/2017 Cephalic or head Acromial or shoulder Cervical or neck Dorsal or back Olecranal or back of elbow Upper limb b Posterior view KC

34 Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2).
4/26/2017 Lumbar or loin Upper limb Gluteal or buttock Lower limb Popliteal or back of knee Sural or calf Calcaneal or heal of foot Plantar or sole of foot b Posterior view KC

35 Body Cavities Dorsal = back side Ventral = front side
4/26/2017 Body Cavities Dorsal  = back side Ventral = front side Thoracic = chest (heart, trachea, lungs..) Abdomen = stomach area (spleen, intestines) Pelvic = lower abdomen (bladder, reproductive organs) DIAPHRAGM:  Separates the thoracic and pelvic region SEROUS MEMBRANE - covers and surrounds organs SEROUS FLUID  - lubricates organs The major body cavities of the trunk are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The thoracic cavity (thor-AS-ik; thorac- = chest) or chest cavity (Figure 1.10) is formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column. Within the thoracic cavity are the pericardial cavity (per′-i-KAR-dē-al; peri- = around; -cardial = heart), a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart, and two fluid-filled spaces called pleural cavities (PLOOR-al; pleur- = rib or side), one around each lung. The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum (mē′-dē-as-TĪ-num; media- = middle; -stinum = partition). It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. The mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves. Among the structures in the mediastinum are the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels that enter and exit the heart. The diaphragm (DĪ-a-fram = partition or wall) is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity. The serous membrane of the pleural cavities is called the pleura (PLOO-ra). The visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm. In between is the pleural cavity, filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid. The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium (per′-i-KAR-dē-um) KC

36 Superficial and regional anatomy
Abdominopelvic quadrants Imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect at navel Used by clinicians to determine possible cause of patient pains, aches, or injuries Abdominopelvic regions Nine regions Preferred by anatomists Describe the precise location and orientation of internal organs 4 quadrants – for clinical description 9 regions – for anatomical description

37 Figure 1-6a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
4/26/2017 Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) The second method is simpler and divides the abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants (KWOD-rantz; quad- = one-fourth). In this method, a midsagittal line (the median line) and a transverse line (the transumbilical line) are passed through the umbilicus (um-BI-li-kus; umbilic- = navel) or belly button. The names of the abdominopelvic quadrants are right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ). The nine-region division is more widely used for anatomical studies, and quadrants are more commonly used by clinicians for describing the site of abdominopelvic pain, a tumor, or another abnormality. a Abdominopelvic quadrants. The four abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel. The terms for these quadrants, or their abbreviations, are most often used in clinical discussions. KC

38 Figure 1-6b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
4/26/2017 Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Hypogastric (pubic) region Right inguinal region Left inguinal region b Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic regions provide more precise regional descriptions. KC

39 Figure 1-6c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
4/26/2017 Liver Stomach Gallbladder Spleen Large intestine Small intestine Appendix Urinary bladder c Anatomical relationships. The relationship between the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the locations of the internal organs are shown here. KC

40 1-8 Body Cavities Serous Membranes -
4/26/2017 1-8 Body Cavities Serous Membranes - Line body cavities and cover organs Secretes fluid into body cavities (lubrication) Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer Parietal layer — lines inner surface of body way Visceral layer — covers surface of organ (viscera always means “organ”) A layer of serous fluid is found inbetween A membrane is a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures. One example is a slippery, double-layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior called a serous membrane (SĒR-us). It covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen. The parts of a serous membrane are (1) the parietal layer (pa-RĪ-e-tal), a thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities, and (2) the visceral layer (VIS-er-al), a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities. Between the two layers is a potential space that contains small amount of lubricating fluid (serous fluid). The fluid allows the viscera to slide somewhat during movements, such as when the lungs inflate and deflate during breathing. KC

41

42 Serous Membrane - two layered, covers organs Outer layer = parietal
4/26/2017 Serous Membrane - two layered, covers organs Outer layer = parietal Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs) Serous fluid – lubricating fluid The peritoneum (per′-i-tō-NĒ-um) is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity. Inner: The visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera, Outer: the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm. Between them is the peritoneal cavity, which contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid. KC

43 4/26/2017 Most abdominal organs are surrounded by the peritoneum. Some are not surrounded by the peritoneum; instead they are posterior to it [to limit repetition of peritoneum]. Such organs are said to be retroperitoneal (re′-trō-per-i-tō-NĒ-al; retro- = behind). The kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, ascending and descending colons of the large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava are retroperitoneal. KC

44 The heart projects into the pericardial cavity like a fist pushed
Figure 1-9b Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk. 4/26/2017 Visceral pericardium Heart Air space Pericardial cavity Balloon Parietal pericardium b The heart projects into the pericardial cavity like a fist pushed into a balloon. The attachment site, corresponding to the wrist of the hand, lies at the connection between the heart and major blood vessels. The width of the pericardial cavity is exaggerated here; normally the visceral and parietal layers are separated only by a thin layer of pericardial fluid. Your organs move with your body, and this makes serous Membranes very important. KC

45 Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
4/26/2017 Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes Thoracic Cavity Pericardial Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Visceral Pleura Visceral Pericardium Visceral Peritoneum Pleural Cavity Peritoneal Cavity Parietal Pleura Parietal Pericardium Parietal Peritoneum KC

46 4/26/2017 1-8 Body Cavities The Thoracic Cavity: superior to diaphragm; enclosed in the ribcage (anterior) Right and left pleural cavities Contain right and left lungs ( have serous membranes) Mediastinum Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus Lower portion contains pericardial cavity The heart is located within the pericardial cavity- serous membranes KC

47 Body cavities Viscera Internal organs partially or totally enclosed by body cavities Connected to rest of body Example: pericardial cavity Pericardium (peri-, around + cardium, heart) Delicate serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity Secretes watery fluid that keeps surfaces moist and reduces friction Permits heart to change size and shape when beating

48 4/26/2017 KC

49 THORACIC CAVITY Each lung is enclosed within a pleural cavity, lined by a shiny, slippery serous membrane called the pleura (PLOO-ra). Note the orientation of the section. Unless otherwise noted, all cross sections are shown as if the viewer were standing at the feet of a supine person and looking toward the head. Heart in pericardial cavity Right lung in right pleural cavity Left lung in left pleural cavity The body cavities: the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity A horizontal section through the thoracic cavity shows the relationship between the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity in this region. The pericardial cavity is embedded within the mediastinum, a mass of connective tissue that separates the two pleural cavities and stabilizes the positions of embedded organs and blood vessels. BODY CAVITIES ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY During development, the portion of the original ventral body cavity extending into the abdominopelvic cavity remains intact as the peritoneal (per-i-tō-NĒ-al) cavity, a chamber lined by a serous membrane known as the peritoneum (per-i-tō-NĒ-um). A few organs, such as the kidneys and pancreas, lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. Those organs are said to be retroperitoneal (re-trō- per-i-tō-NĒ-al; retro, behind). Diaphragm Peritoneum (red) showing the boundaries of the peritoneal cavity The abdominal cavity contains many digestive glands and organs THORACIC CAVITY Figure Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape Retroperitoneal area The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and the last portion of the digestive tract; many of these structures lie posterior to, or inferior to, the peritoneal cavity. The diaphragm, a muscular sheet, separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity. ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY 49

50 1-8 Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic Cavity
4/26/2017 1-8 Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity — superior portion Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones Contains digestive organs Retroperitoneal space Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract Pelvic cavity — inferior portion Within pelvic bones Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder KC

51 Terms you need to know: Axial Appendicular Saggital plane
4/26/2017 Terms you need to know: Superior (cranial) Inferior (caudal) Ventral (anterior) Dorsal (posterior) Medial Lateral Intermediate Proximal Distal Superficial (external) Deep (internal) Axial Appendicular Saggital plane Midsaggital/median Parasaggital Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse (horizontal) plane Oblique section KC


Download ppt "Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology 1"

Similar presentations


Ads by Google