1. Thermal Control System

2. The Three Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Conduction - The transfer of heat through a solid –Interface Heat Exchangers –Cold plates Convection - Transfer through fluids both liquids and gasses Radiation - Transfer through vacuum or empty space –Does not need a vacuum to radiate heat –Radiators

3. System Overview Divided into internal and external loops, as well as per module Divided into 35 and 62 degree loops –35 degree loop cools all critical systems –62 degree loop cools all non-essential systems Maintains a comfortable living and working temperature for the station

4. Internal TCS system Cold plates, LCA, Pumps, Interface Heat Exchangers All systems use water in case of leaking, as it is non toxic, and conducts heat very well.

5. Cold Plates Aluminum box conducts heat to water piping within No power required, all flow is controlled by pump Solenoid valve can bypass flow if necessary

6. Internal Pump Circulates water through the cold plates Powered by EPS power distribuition Status, Flow rate, Pressure, Temperature, Voltage, Amperage

7. Loop Crossover Assembly (LCA) Allows both 35 and 62 degree loops to be connected within a given module A single pump can only handle approximately 10 cold plates continuously at a time Valves adjust flow to Interface Heat Exchangers

8. Regenerative Heat Exchanger Only in use when the LCA is activated in single loop mode The Regenerative Heat Exchanger warms 35 degree loop water before entering 62 degree loop This is done to prevent condensation in the 62 degree loop

9. Interface Heat Exchangers Identical internal and external systems Intertwined spirals of piping allow heat to conduct between the internal water systems, and the external ammonium systems –Ammonium and water never mix as all heat is conducted through the walls of the piping Sensors will alert crew to any leak of ammonium that would possibly contaminate the water system.

10. External Thermal Control System Interface Heat Exchanger, Pump Package Assembly, TRRJ, Radiator Uses ammonium to prevent damage to pipes from extreme temperature differences Ammonium has a lower freezing point than water, however in higher concentrations can prove toxic to the crew

11. Pump Package Assembly (PPA) Circulates ammonium through external systems an d water through the internal systems Only two external loops, one PPA per loop Powered by EPS loads Also known as Pump Module Assembly (PMA)

12. Radiators / TRRJ Radiators allow heat to radiate into the space environment. Thermal Radiator Rotation Joint –Acts as a large loop crossover for PPAs

13. Accumulator The Accumulator is attached to the PPA Helps absorb changes in ammonia volume because of different temperatures Resupplies external loop with ammonium if it is lost

14. Warning signs of a SOBE Red indicator lights on the system wall Increase in ambient temperature and or humidity Ammonium smell (very obvious) Contingency of another SOBE

15. Things to check during a SOBE Flow Rate –If no fluid is moving, then no heat is either Loads for faulty pump/PPA –No power = No flow Ammonium leaks (sensor info) –Toxic to Crew –Reduces flow in external system