1. © 2003 – RNP Experimental Optical Networking: implementations and challenges Internet2 Spring Members’ Meeting, Arlington, VA, USA April 2003 Michael Stanton Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa do Brasil - RNP

2. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 2 What do we mean by Optical Networking? End to end optical routing? –Not yet visible on our horizon High capacity national and international pipes? –Already available, permitting support for arbitrarily large and complex applications –competition, declining costs User control of networking infra-structure? –Alters the user dependence on costly telco services –New paradigm for future of networking

3. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 3 Traditional networking model - “service-based” Involves setting up IP infrastructure based on leased telco services Telcos were state monopolies until recently in most countries, and still are in some: –no competition  arbitrary (high) pricing unavailability of some (advanced) services This can be an opportunity to influence the telco offerings through collaborative innovation!

4. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 4 Replacing copper by optical fibre - “facilities-based” Technical advantages: –(much) greater transmission capacity –(much) greater distances between equipment –(much) lighter and cheaper  simplifies the infrastructure for networking  makes feasible user ownership or provision This can be be put to use at many levels: –corporate, access, MAN, WAN

5. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 5 Infrastructure -how to get it Rent or borrow it (long term IRU contracts) –current glut of fibre in many places Condominium fibre Build it out yourself –SURA optical cookbook http://www.sura.org/opcook

6. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 6 Optical transmission - attenuation in (standard) optical fibre Depends on the wavelength (colour) Two windows of minimum attenuation in 1310 and 1550 nm bands (infra-red) 0,2 dB/km (50% in 16km) 50 THz width => 50 Tbps theoretical capacity low attenuation windows (50 THz)

7. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 7 How to use this 50 Tbps capacity? Traditionally terminate optical circuits with electronic switches (OEO) - limitations of electronic switching –IP routers up to 10 Gbps –SDH switches up to 40 Gbps Alternatives for greater capacity: –Optical switching (see later) –WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) - like FDM, is analogical - channel usage depends on transmitter signalling rate CWDM (coarse WDM) - fewer channels, more widely spaced => cheaper lasers, shorter distances DWDM (dense WDM) - many more channels, closely spaced, dearer lasers, broadband amplifiers

8. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 8 DWDM - Dense Wave Division Multiplexing Note: we still need to terminate each lightpath with electronic equipment TE L L L L L L Terminal Equipment WDM transmitter (laser) Broadband Amplifier Multiplexor- demultiplexor Optical components: Optical line amplifiers

9. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 9 Some capacity records for DWDM 1 ×40 Gbps up to 65 km (Alcatel’98) 40 Gbps 32 × 5 Gbps up to 9300 km (1998) 160 Gbps 64 × 5 Gbps up to 7200 km (Lucent’97) 320 Gbps 100 ×10 Gbps up to 400 km (Lucent’97) 1 Tbps 16 ×10 Gbps up to 6000 km (1998) 160 Gbps 132 ×20 Gbps up to 120 km (NEC’96) 2,64 Tbps 70 ×20 Gbps up to 600 km (NTT’97) 1,4 Tbps 80 ×40 Gbps up to 60 km (Siemens’00) 3,2 Tbps 1022 lambdas in a single fibre (Lucent 99) 64 ×40 Gbps up to 4000 km (Lucent’02) 2,56 Tbps

10. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 10 Optical Switching General problems: –switching speed (depends on opto-electronic or opto- electromechanical technology) –header processing speed –temporary storage (for buffers) Three major granularities for switching: –wavelength (lambda) switching [circuit switching] static v dynamic (i.e. management v signalling) –optical packet switching (OPS) [like electronic PS] –optical burst switching (OBS) [less demanding than PS]

11. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 11 Wavelength switches in WDM networks (a) OADM (b) OXC (without conversion) (c) OXC (with conversion) 1234 5 5 4 3 2 1 1234 5 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 2 2 (a) (b) (c) AA B B B AAAA B

12. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 12 Optical Packet Switching (OPS) Electronic processing of header bits Temporary data storage is needed (fibre delay lines - FDL) (From IEEE Communications Magazine)

13. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 13 Optical Burst Switching (OBS) Packets buffered at network edge; burst control packet sent ahead to “prime” the switches; burst of packets sent end-to-end; no intermediate buffering (From IEEE Communications Magazine) Does not read/process (control) bits at extremely high speed

14. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 14 IP over optical transition to simplified model –2 level model IP/WDM packet/burst switching - core network - GMPLS lambda switching –core network approach - GMPLS –customer network approach - OBGP (Canarie) FIBRE WDM SONET/SDH ATM IP/MPLS

15. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 15 State of the art of optical networking NSF classification of networking testbeds beyond Internet 2 (Tom Greene) –Experimental Infrastructure Networks (EIN) - Internet 3 –Networking Research Testbeds (NRT) - Internet 4 Internet 4 optical networks –dynamic lambda-switched, OPS, OBS networks Internet 3 optical networks –Based mostly on statically lambda-switched networks –growing number of networks providing production networking support for advanced applications

16. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 16 Some current experimental optical networking projects in Latin America Chile: G-REUNA - Advanced Applications Testbed Brazil: GIGA Project - Optical Networking and Applications Testbed Both of these are a mixture of EIN and NRT (Internet 3 and 4)

17. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 17 G-REUNA (Chile) experimental network (2002-2003) Phase I of G-REUNA: R&D in optical networking and advanced applications IP/DWDM govt. and telco support Phases II and III: Deployment of National Backbone: August 2003-July 2004 http://redesopticas.reuna.cl

18. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 18 GIGA Project (Brazil) Partnership between RNP and CPqD (former telco monopoly’s R&D centre in Campinas, SP) www.rnp.br and www.cpqd.com.br Explore user control of optical fibre infrastructure –interconnect 20 academic R&D centres along the corridor Campinas - Rio de Janeiro (~600 km) –use of IP/DWDM with Ethernet framing Support R&D subprojects in optical and IP networking technology and advanced applications and services Industry participation (telcos provide the fibres; technology transfer of products and services required) Government funding for 3 years - started December 2002

19. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 19 Geographic localisation of network Campinas São Paulo São José dos Campos Cachoeira Paulista Rio de Janeiro Petrópolis Salvador Recife Curitiba Phase I Phase II Niterói Fapesp telcos Unesp USP - H.C. USP - C.U. CPqD LNLS Unicamp LNCC CPTEC UFF CTA INPE CBPF- LNCC Fiocruz IME IMPA-RNP PUC-Rio telcos UERJ UFRJ Universities IME PUC-Rio UERJ UFF UFRJ Unesp Unicamp USP R&D Centres CBPF - physics CPqD- telecom CPTEC- meteorology CTA - aerospace Fiocruz- health IMPA - mathematics INPE - space LNCC - HPC LNLS - physics (About 600 km extension - not to scale)

20. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 20 GIGA Project: Initial design of the network DWDM WAN between Campinas and Rio de Janeiro Optical MANs in Rio, S. Paulo and Campinas Switches between WAN and MANs for IP packets and lambdas (under study) campus networks a problem: not ready for GigE - no SM fibre Petrópolis CPLSJCSPO T-DWDM AD-DWDM Switch T-AOL CPS RJO Niterói CPS SPO SJC CPL RJO CPS - Campinas SPO - São Paulo SJC - São José dos Campos CPL - Cachoeira Paulista RJO - Rio de Janeiro

21. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 21 International Optical Connectivity for Latin America Latin American NRENs and Internet 2 access: –some now via AmPath or direct (Mexico) –more (soon) via CLARA (end of 2003) to GÉANT and ABILENE Next step should be to enable Internet 3 lambda connections to the global networks –this would permit interoperation with collaborating optical networks in other countries –support for network intensive science to participate at the international level

22. Michael Stanton - Experimental Optical Networking - I2MM, April 2003 22 Conclusion Optical infrastructure makes possible and desirable new ways of building advanced networks Several basic optical switching technologies are under development in testbed networks For the present, most experimental infrastructure networks are based on lambda-switching, but this may well change, at least in core networks Requirement to link Latin American optical networking to global initiatives